Izinsimbi alikhali

izinsimbi Alkali - francium, cesium, rubidium, i-potassium, i-sodium, lithium - abizwa kanjalo ngenxa yokuthi indlela alikhali ukusabela ngamanzi. Ngenxa ikhono eliphezulu ukuba asabele lezi zinto kufanele kugcinwe ngaphansi ungqimba lwamafutha amaminerali noma kaphalafini. I kunazo asebenzayo we lezi zakhi kubhekwa francium (kuyinto enemisebe).

izinsimbi Alkali - izinto ezithambile, umbala silvery. ezindaweni zawo obusanda kusikwa has a ucwebezela ngendlela ekhangayo isici. izinsimbi Alkali kuthiwa elicibilikile ngamathumba ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi, babe high conductivity ezishisayo kagesi kanye. Baphinde babe kwabantu aphansi.

izakhiwo Chemical ngezinto alikhali

Izinto zingabameleli eqinile ekunciphiseni, zezakhi abonise ngezinga elithile namachibi (esiyingqayizivele) +1. Nokwanda-athomu isisindo izinsimbi alikhali futhi kukhuphuke inciphisa amandla angokwemvelo. Cishe zonke zezakhi kukhona oncibilikayo emanzini, zingabantu ionic ngokwemvelo.

Nge Ukushisa ngokulinganisela izinsimbi alikhali okhela emoyeni. Ngokuhlanganyela hydrogen yakha usawoti-like izidakamizwa hydrides. imikhiqizo amandla omlilo ngokuvamile peroxides.

Alkali metal oxides kukhona ukudla okuqinile ophuzi (oxides of rubidium kanye potassium), omhlophe (oxides sodium kanye lithium) kanye orange (Cesium oxide) imibala. Lezi oxides ziyakwazi ukusabela ngamanzi, acid, i-oksijini, acid oxides amphoteric. Lezi zimo zokuma eziyisisekelo esivela kubo bonke futhi abe umlingisi evelele.

peroxides ngezinto alikhali - powder umbala ophuzi-mhlophe. Ziyakwazi ukusabela nge-carbon dioxide ne-carbon monoxide amagesi, acid, nonmetals, amanzi.

alikhali metal hydroxides kukhona oncibilikayo emanzini, ukudla okuqinile emhlophe. Kulezi compounds ziboniswa (elikhanyayo ngokwanele) izakhiwo eziyisisekelo alkalis. Lithium lezisekelo ukuze Franz amandla kanye degree of solubility emanzini iyakhula. Hydroxides kubhekwe electrolyte uqine ngokwanele. Indlela abasabela ngayo nosawoti, hydroxides amphoteric futhi oxides, ezithile ze-non-izinsimbi, oxides acid. Ngaphandle kwakwakhe nge lithium ukuphumula abonise ukuzinza ezishisayo. Calcining lithium hydroxide kuyinto noqhekeko yayo ku amanzi oxide. Wathi compounds etholakala esebenzisa electrolysis ka aqueous chloride izixazululo eziningi ukusabela umzimba. Hydroxides uzilungiselele futhi nge izingxenye ukusabela (noma oxides) namanzi.

Cishe zonke izinsimbi nosawoti echazwe (ngaphandle lithium ezinhlotsheni ezithile zikasawoti) kukhona oncibilikayo emanzini kahle. Ezakhiwe acid ababuthakathaka, izixazululo nosawoti abe naphakathi yokusabela (ane-alikhali) ngenxa hydrolysis usawoti kwakhiwa acid kuqine kungukuthi hydrolyzed. nosawoti avamile itshe (i-sodium) usawoti, a ingcina silicate (amanzi ingilazi), i-potassium nitrate, bertoletova usawoti, potassium permanganate, soda asemabhodleleni, soda umlotha, kanye nabanye.

Konke compounds alikhali unekhono ukushintsha umbala ilangabi. It is lisetshenziswe ahlukahlukene okuhlaziya amakhemikhali. Ngakho, ilangabi carmine Red ingcoliswe lithium-ion, e violet - ion potassium ophuzi - sodium pink olumhlophe - rubidium, violet-bomvu - cesium.

Ngenxa yokuthi wonke amaseli ane-alikhali yizithunywa enamandla kakhulu ekunciphiseni, bangathola nosawoti oncibilikisiwe ngu-electrolysis.

Ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi alikhali

Izakhi asetshenziswa kuyo yonke imikhakha yomsebenzi womuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, cesium isetshenziswa amaseli Photoelectric. Ukuthela ingxubevange isetshenziswa njengoba kulethe lithium. Sodium elikhona izibani igesi uze uphele du, Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi njengendlela kokupholisayo. Umsebenzi ucwaningo isetshenziswa rubidium.