Anatomy - Kuyini ukuthi isayensi? Umlando ukwakheka komzimba womuntu

Biology - omunye isayensi wokuvelela kunazo ngezinga elikhulu emhlabeni namuhla. Kuhlanganisa inombolo wesayensi ezahlukene kanye nezigaba, ngamunye elibhekene nomse- ekutadisheni izindlela ezithile kumasistimu ophilayo nemisebenzi yabo ebalulekile, isakhiwo, ukwakheka kwama-molecule, nokunye.

Enye yalezi wesayensi iyona ezithakazelisayo futhi endala kakhulu, kodwa noma kunjalo isayensi langempela ukwakheka komzimba womuntu ngokunembile.

ukuthi nakuhlolayo

Anatomy - isayensi etadisha Sakhiwo sangekhatsi futhi izici morphological umzimba womuntu nokuthuthukiswa kwabantu ngokuhamba phylogeny, ontogeny futhi anthropogenesis.

Isihloko kuhlolwa ukwakheka komzimba womuntu yilesi:

• ukuma komzimba womuntu futhi zonke izinhlaka zalo;
• isakhiwo kwezitho zomzimba nomzimba;
• umsuka abantu;
• ekuthuthukiseni ngakunye umzimba ngamanye (ontogeny).

Inhloso yale isayensi yinyama zonke izici zayo zitholakale yangaphandle futhi ingaphakathi isakhiwo.

Anatomy njengoba isayensi ngokwayo iye yasungula isikhathi eside, njengoba isithakazelo isakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kwezitho zangaphakathi kwakubalulekile ukuba umuntu ngaso sonke isikhathi. Nokho, sesayensi yokwakheka komzimba yanamuhla kuhlanganisa eziningi etindzaweni letihambisana nato yezinto eziphilayo, okuyinto buhlobene eduze nalo, futhi abhekwa ngokuvamile eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lawa izindawo anatomy, njenge:

1. Anatomy izinhlelo.
2. Kwendawo noma kuhlinzwa.
3. Dynamic.
4. Plastic.
5. Ubudala.
6. Ukuqhathanisa.
7. Sokugembula.
8. Clinical.

Ngakho, komzimba womuntu - isayensi study konke ukuthi ngandlela-thile kuziwa umzimba womuntu isakhiwo nezinqubo bokuphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu isayensi ihlobene eduze futhi baxhumana enjalo spin-off kuwo futhi baba wesayensi ezimele, njenge:

• Anthropology - siphethe ngokuthini ngemfundiso yokuthi indoda njengoba enjalo, isikhundla sakhe uhlelo zomhlaba organic kanye nokuxhumana nomphakathi kanye imvelo. izici zomphakathi kanye begazi ntu, unembeza, psyche, uhlamvu, ukuziphatha.
• Physiology - isayensi zonke izinqubo ezenzeka ngaphakathi emzimbeni womuntu (izindlela sokulala futhi sihlale siphapheme, unyathela amabhuleki nokushayela, nerve amaza futhi ebenza, imigomo sezinzwa futhi humoral, kanjalonjalo).
• anatomy Comparative - sikhuluma ngokuhoxiswa cwaningo yentuthuko-embryonic ne-nokwakheka kwezitho ezahlukene kanye nezinhlelo zabo, lapho nokumadanisa imibungu kwezilwane amakilasi ezahlukene taxa.
• imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - imfundiso kaZiqu ngemvelaphi nokuthuthuka indoda kusukela esikhathini ukubukeka emhlabeni kuze kube namuhla (phylogeny), kanye ubufakazi ubunye wonke biomass kule planethi yethu.
• Ufuzo - ekutadisheni izakhi zofuzo lomuntu nokukwazi isitoreji izindlela futhi ukudluliswa kolwazi zofuzo ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Ngenxa yalokho, siyabona ukuthi komzimba womuntu - luyinhlanganisela evumelana ngokuphelele eziyinkimbinkimbi wesayensi eziningi. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo abantu bazi okuningi mayelana nomzimba womuntu futhi zonke izindlela zayo.

Umlando ukwakheka komzimba womuntu

Siyobona izimpande zawo anatomy ezikhathini zasendulo. Phela, kusukela ukubukeka wayengonjani ukwazi ngalokho okungaphakathi kuye kungani, uma ubuhlungu, kuchitheka igazi, ukuthi kuyini, kungani umuntu uphefumula, olalayo, idla. Zonke lezi mibuzo asendulo haunted amalungu amaningi kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu.

Nokho, izimpendulo zabo azenzekanga ngokushesha. Kwathatha engaphezu kweyikhulu buthelela inombolo ezanele yolwazi theory ne practical futhi anikeze impendulo egcwele futhi enemininingwane zemibuzo kakhulu ngomzimba womuntu.

Umlando ukwakheka komzimba womuntu is kunemibandela izingxenye izinkathi ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• Anatomy zezwe lasendulo;
• Anatomy of the Ephakathi;
• isikhathi esisha.

Ake sicabangele isinyathelo ngasinye ngokuningiliziwe.

endulo

Abantu ababa abasunguli isayensi ukwakheka komzimba womuntu, abantu bokuqala abathanda, futhi uchaze nokwakheka kwezitho zangaphakathi - iyona lasendulo AmaGreki, amaRoma abaseGibhithe namaPheresiya. Abamele mibuso emenza anatomy njengoba isayensi, umumo womzimba eqhathanisa Embryology kanye kwemvelo, kanye psychology. Ukuhlolisisa iminikelo yabo ngesimo itafula.

Ephakathi

Le nkathi libhekene ukuphazamiseka kanye nokwehla kakhulu ekuthuthukeni iyiphi leze of Sciences, kanye kwekubuswa Church, okuyinto wamenqabela ukwenza asike izidumbu zabantu, ucwaningo nokutadisha anatomy kwezilwane, kubhekwa isono. Ngakho-ke, izinguquko eziphawulekayo nokwatholakala kulesi sikhathi engakaze yenziwe.

Kodwa Renaissance, ngakolunye uhlangothi, wanika eziningi umfutho imithi yesimanje kanye anatomy. Umnikelo main ososayensi ezintathu:

1. ULeonardo da Vinci. Kungaba kubhekwe umsunguli anatomy plastic. Zifakwe amathalente abo kwezobuciko ukuze kuzuze anatomy, azidalile imidwebo engaphezu kuka-700, esibonisa ngokunembile imisipha skeleton. imigwamanda kanye nesimo sendawo yabo anatomy ubonisa kubo ngendlela ecacile, efanele. Ukuze usebenze ukwenza i kwesidumbu.
2. Yakov Silvius. Owayefundisa anatomists eziningi yesimanjemanje yakhe. Wavula furrow e isakhiwo ingqondo.
3. Andeas Vesalius. Udokotela abahlakaniphe kakhulu iminyaka eminingi enikelwe Ukutadisha ngokucophelela anatomy. imibono yakhe Kwakuseshwa ngesisekelo the kwesidumbu, kakhulu amathambo atholakala kweyesi emathuneni izinto eziqoqiwe. umsebenzi wakhe wokuphila konke - incwadi-ivolumu eziyisikhombisa, "On the Ukuklanywa komzimba womuntu." Imisebenzi yakhe iye yabangela ukuphikiswa phakathi uquqaba, njengasezulwini ukuqonda kwakhe anatomy - kuyinto isayensi, okumele zihlolwe practice. Lokhu kwakuphambene imisebenzi uGalen, ngubani ngaleso sikhathi singekho.
4. Vilyam Garvey. umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko kwakuwukushumayela le indatshana "Lolu cwaningo yokwakheka motion inhliziyo negazi izilwane." Waqale wafakazela ukuthi igazi ihamba kumbuthano ngonya nemikhumbi, kusukela omkhulu encane ngokusebenzisa amashubhu amancane. ke naye ungowasendaweni isitatimende sokuqala ukuthi zonke izilwane ikhulela iqanda, futhi inqubo yayo ukuthuthukiswa kulandela ekuthuthukiseni zomlando zonke izinto eziphilayo ngokuvamile (umthetho yesimanje biogenetic).
5. Fallopian, u-Eustace, Willis, Glisson, Azelli, Peke, Bertolini - amagama ososayensi ngenkathi, okwakunginika umsebenzi wakhe umbono ophelele yini komzimba womuntu. Lena banikela ngendlela ebalulekile, okuyinto emenza isiqalo wesimanjemanje ekuthuthukeni kwale sayensi.

isikhathi esisha

Le nkathi libhekisela XIX - eminyaka XX futhi esibonakala ngokuqina eziningi ezibaluleke kakhulu. Bonke babekwazi kwenziwe sibonga kokusungulwa kwe-microscope. Marcello Malpighi wanezela futhi wafakazela cishe ukuthi ngesinye isikhathi labikezela Harvey - khona-capillary. Usosayensi Shymlanskaya waqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe, kanye Ukuvalwa efakazelwe futhi cyclical sokuhamba kwegazi.

Futhi, eziningi eziye zatholwa ovunyelwe ukudalula kabanzi welithi "anatomy". Lawa kwakungamadodana imisebenzi elandelayo:

• Galvani Luidzhi. Lo muntu negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni physics kanye ugesi ivulekile. Nokho, wakwazi ukubona khona amaza kagesi emisipheni kwezilwane. Ngakho waba umsunguli electrophysiology.
• Caspar Wolf. Lapho amelana khona imfundiso yokuziphendukela preformation, wagomela ngokuthi yonke imigwamanda khona ifomu esincishisiwe kumaseli igciwane, bese nje zikhule. Waba nguyise embryogenesis.
• ULouis Pasteur. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi ucwaningo kwafakazela khona kwamagciwane. izindlela athuthukisiwe yokugoma.
• Zhan Batist Lamark. Yena negalelo elikhulu kaZiqu kwemvelo. Waqale uphakamise ukuthi le ndoda, njengazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, eba ngaphansi kwethonya imvelo.
• Carl Baer. Wavula cell Imbewana umzimba female, wachaza izingqimba lwegciwane , futhi emenza ukuthuthukiswa ulwazi mayelana ontogenesis.
• UCharles Darwin. Yena negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokunye wachaza umsuka indoda. Wabonisa ubunye bonke ukuphila emhlabeni.
• Pies, Mechnikov, Sechenov, Pavlov, Botkin, Ukhtomsky, Burdenko - amagama ososayensi Russian XIX-XX leminyaka, okwakunginika umqondo okuphelele ukuthi nokwakheka - kuyinto isayensi, olunzulu, yehlukene kaningi okubalwa futhi olubanzi. Umsebenzi wazo liyadingeka imithi ezindaweni eziningi. Kwakumelwe namaphayona izindlela bangangenwa yilesi sifo, umsebenzi ephakeme sezinzwa, umgogodla nomthethonqubo kwemizwa, kanye eziningi izinkinga zofuzo. Severtsov isiqondiso nokwakheka yasungulwa - morphology kwemvelo, eyayisekelwe ngesisekelo umthetho biogenetic (abalobi - Haeckel, Darwin, Kovalevsky, Baer, Muller).

ukuthuthukiswa yakhe bonke laba bantu futhi kumele anatomy. Biology - kuyinto wesayensi oyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa anatomy iyona endala kanye eyigugu kakhulu babo, ngoba kuthinta ezibaluleke kakhulu - empilweni yomuntu.

Kuyini anatomy emitholampilo

anatomy Clinical - esigabeni esimaphakathi phakathi anatomy topographic futhi kuhlinzwa. Icabangela isakhiwo imibuzo jikelele isitho esithile. Ngokwesibonelo, endabeni amalaka, udokotela ngaphambi kokuba sihlinzwe kuyadingeka ukwazi isimo jikelele isitho emzimbeni, ngalo ixhunyiwe nokuthi baxhumana nezinye izindikimba.

Namuhla, umumo womzimba emitholampilo isakazeke kabanzi. Ngokuvamile, uyakwazi ukuthola isisho anatomy Clinical kwekhala, pharynx, emphinjeni, noma yimuphi umgwamanda. Yilokho Anatomy Clinical nje ukutshela kulokho izingxenye wawuhlanganisa umzimba, lapho likhona, yini imingcele, uyini umsebenzi, nokunye.

wezokwelapha Uchwepheshe iphrofayli ngamunye ewumngcingo oyazi ngokugcwele anatomy basemtholampilo umzimba, lapho usebenza. Lesi yisihluthulelo eyinhloko yokwelashwa okuphumelelayo.

nokwakheka

Anatomy - engxenyeni isayensi okhuluma ekutadisheni ontogenesis womuntu. Okungukuthi, sicabangisisa ngazo zonke izinqubo ezihambisana ke kusukela ngomzuzu wokukhulelwa begodu i-embryo esiteji kuze kube sekupheleni umjikelezo wokuphila - ukufa. Kulokhu, ngesisekelo esiyinhloko engu-nokwakheka Embryology kuyinto gerontology.

Umsunguli walesi nokwakheka kwesigaba angabhekwa Karl Bara. Nguye wayengowokuqala ukusikisela mayelana nentuthuko ngabanye zonke ophilayo. Kamuva le nqubo wabizwa ngokuthi ontogeny.

Ubudala anatomy usenza sibone izindlela yokuguga, okuyinto ebaluleke for imithi.

anatomy ngokuqhathanisa

Anatomy Comparative - isayensi, Injongo ogama main ukufakazela ubunye ukuqedwa kwakho konke okuphilayo emhlabeni. Ngokucacile, kulolu cwaningo abathintekayo Ngokuqhathanisa imibungu zinhlobo ezahlukene (zilwane nje kuphela kodwa futhi amakilasi taxa) kanye ukuhlonza amaphethini ajwayelekile ekuthuthukisweni.

anatomy Comparative futhi izitho zomzimba - lesi sakhiwo ihlobene eduze, ukutadisha umbuzo olulodwa: indlela ukubheka futhi ukusebenza imibungu izidalwa ezahlukene ngokuziqhathanisa nomunye?

anatomy okukhwantabalisayo

anatomy sokugembula - iyona isiyalo yesayensi kwakuphathelene ukutadisha izinqubo sokugembula e kwamangqamuzana nezicubu of ntu. Lokhu kukunika ithuba lokuyofunda izifo ezihlukahlukene, ukubuka umphumela ukugeleza emzimbeni, ngakho-ke, ukuze bathole ukwelashwa kwezifo.

Imisebenzi nokwakheka sokugembula ezilandelayo:

• ukufunda izimbangela zezifo ezahlukene abantu;
• cabanga izindlela nesenzakalo yabo futhi Yiqiniso emangqamuzaneni;
• ukuhlonza zonke yezinkinga kungenzeka e pathologies nezifo umphumela embodiments;
• ukuhlola izindlela ukufa isifo;
• ngihlole izizathu ukwehluleka ekwelapheni pathologies.

Umsunguli walesi isiyalo siyinto Rudolf Virchow. Lokho-ke kwamiswa imfundiso yokuziphendukela yeselula, ukhuluma ngani ukuthuthukiswa izifo ezingeni kwamangqamuzana nezicubu zomzimba womuntu.

anatomy lesifunda

anatomy topographic - isiyalo yesayensi, kungenjalo ukubizwa ngokuthi kuhlinzwa. isisekelo salo ukwehlukana emzimbeni womuntu izindawo yokwakheka, ngamunye okuyinto engxenyeni ethile yomzimba: ihloko, umzimba noma nasemilenzeni.

Yezinjongo eziyinhloko lokhu isayensi yilezi:

• isakhiwo enemininingwane esifundeni ngasinye;
• emizimbeni Syntopy (ilungiselelo zawo ezilinganiselwe komunye nomunye);
• uxhumano emizimbeni ngesikhumba (golotopiya);
• igazi eligciniwe ukuze isifunda ngasinye yokwakheka;
• lymph ukugeleza;
• isilawuli kwemizwa;
• skeletopy (ngokuhlobene skeleton).

Zonke lezi zinkinga akhiwa ngaphansi izimiso ka: isifundo, kubhekelwa izifo akhawunti, pathologies, yobudala kanye izici ngamunye umzimba.