Umthetho Biogenetic ka Haeckel-Müller

umthetho Biogenetic ka Haeckel-Müller sichaza isilinganiso waphawula ngokwemvelo - ontogenesis, okusho ukuthuthuka zonke izinto eziphilayo ophilayo, ngezinga elithile, ukuthi recapitulates phylogeny - ukuthuthukiswa komlando lonke iqembu izilwane eziphathelene nayo. It washayelwa umthetho, njengoba leli gama lisikisela, Haeckel F. Muller ku-yalolucwaningo 60 kwekhulu XIX, ngayodwana, bese usetha owathola le umbono uwukuthi manje cishe kungenakwenzeka.

Kusobala ukuthi umthetho biogenetic ukuthi zavela ngokushesha. umsebenzi Muller Haeckel sika kwandulelwe ukudalwa uhlaka ezicatshangelwayo umthetho njengoba izenzakalo kakade waphawula kanye neminye imithetho emisiwe nemvelo. Ngo 1828, K. Baer washayelwa umthetho okuthiwa okufana ngaso sombungu. essence yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi imibungu abantu okuqondene uhlobo olufanayo begazi, babe eziningi izakhi efanayo isakhiwo yokwakheka. Kubantu, isibonelo, esikhathini esithile ukuthuthukiswa umbungu has izimbotshana gill kanye nomsila. Izimpawu zaso esiwuphawu ku morphology kwezinhlobo zenzeka kuphela Yiqiniso obengeziwe ontogeny. Umthetho ukufana embryonic ezikhonjwe umthetho biogenetic ngezindlela eziningi: kanye imibungu eziphilayo ezahlukene ukuphinda komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane abanye abantu bephinda komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane zonke izinhlobo nhlobo.

AN Severtsov Kamuva wenza izichibiyelo ezithile emthethweni Haeckel-Müller. Usosayensi baphawule ukuthi phakathi embryogenesis, okungukuthi, esigabeni yentuthuko embryonic, kukhona ukufana phakathi kwalezi zinto emizimbeni zemibungu akukhona abadala. Ngakho, izimbotshana gill e umbungu womuntu afana izimbotshana gill zezinhlanzi imibungu, kodwa hhayi nge esungulwe omdala izinhlanzi zokuphefumula.

Kubalulekile wazi ukuthi omunye ubufakazi eziphawuleka kakhulu inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ubhekwa umthetho ngqo biogenetic. Amazwi aleso wona uqobo ubhekisela siqu uxhumano yayo okunengqondo nezimfundiso zikaDarwin. Embryo ngesikhatsi ngendlela egcina izinyathelo eziningi ezahlukene, ngalinye elikwazi sifana esiteji ethile yentuthuko nemvelo, ukudweba kusukela iphuzu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo umbono. Ngakho, ngamunye nzima ihlelwe limelela ekukhuleni kwakhe lonke ontogenesis yasendle kusukela umbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Ngo Psychology, kukhona umthetho biogenetic, zavela ngokuzimele eziphilayo. Eqinisweni, ngo-Psychology ivelele umthetho ayakhelwe, esashiwo I. Herbart noT Ziller umqondo mayelana ukufana kwengqondo yengane nalelo ngesintu sisonke. Izazi ezihlukahlukene baye bazama ukuthethelela lo mbono ngelinye ihlo. UMnu Hall, isibonelo, yakhetha ngqo Haeckel-Müller umthetho. Wathi ekukhuleni kwengane, kuhlanganise ngokuya ezingokwengqondo, kuchazwa kuphela preconditions begazi iphindwa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuvamile. Noma kunjalo, umbono akuyona nakanjani kungase kutholakale kuze kube manje. Ngo Psychology, kusekhona kungekho mthetho biogenetic njengoba enjalo.