Ernst Haeckel: Biography, umsebenzi ngokwesayensi. umnikelo Haeckel sika biology

Nikela ukuphila kwakhe etadisha bemvelo, u-Ernst Gekkel wenza okuningi okwatholwa wenza umnikelo omkhulu isayensi. Ulwazi oluthe xaxa kwezesayensi usosayensi ukuthola kamuva kulesi sihloko.

Ernst Haeckel: Biography

sefilosofi German kanye semvelo Ernst Haeckel wazalwa ngo Potsdam ngo-1834. Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme e Mezerburge, wafundiswa imithi nesayensi yemvelo e Berlin, University of neWürzburg. Ph.D. e kwezilwane e-University of Jena. Ngo 1858, wathola iziqu zakhe zezokwelapha.

Ernst Haeckel yabonisa esithakazelweni esingavamile esasiboniswa anatomy ezincane wesayensi yempilo yezilwane. Ngo-1859, wathumela uhambo e-Italy, lapho afundela khona plankton, izipanji, ama-worms, luvula letisha radiolarians. Ekubuyeleni kwakhe usosayensi yena isesikhundleni uSolwazi bese Hlobanisa UProfesa Jena University futhi lifundisa anatomy yokuqhathanisa.

Kusukela 1863, i-imisebenzi asebenzayo zenhlalo nesayensi. Ukhuluma mayelana kaDarwin, ukukhulula imisebenzi yabo ezinyathelisiwe, kwakha imibono yesayensi. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, umcwaningi uyaqhubeka uhambo lokuya eGibhithe, Algeria, esiqhingini Madeira, naseCeylon. Kamuva wahamba eya eSiriya, Corsica, Tenerife, Norway, Gibraltar nakwezinye izindawo, ukutadisha izilwane zasendle yabo nokwenza imidwebo.

Ngo-1867, u-Ernst Haeckel ashade Agnes Huschke. Banezinhliziyo indodana, uWalter, indodakazi Emma no-Elizabethe. ukufa yenkosikazi 1915 kwasithinta kakhulu impilo nenhlalakahle usosayensi. Washona ngo Germany 9 Agasti, 1919.

Ucwaningo nokushicilelwa

Ithola idiploma ye udokotela akazange kuthinte umsebenzi okhokhelwayo kwenziwe usosayensi. Ngezindlela eziningi, ucwaningo yayo nasesimweni sengqondo nomthelela ukuxhumana uCharles Darwin. Izincwadi Ernst Haeckel iqala ukushicilela ngo-1866. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala ubizwa ngokuthi "morphology Jikelele eziphilayo." Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, incwadi ethi "The-Natural History of Creation", lapho, uzwakalise ukweseka imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Ngo-1866, azibumbayo inguqulo ethuthukisiwe yomthetho biogenetic, zavela eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili. Kule ndaba, u-Ernst Haeckel gastraea yakha umbono lichaza imvelaphi eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi kusuka eziphilayo owumphumela. Ngenxa yalokhu, Haeckel waziwa emibuthanweni ngokwesayensi.

Ngo 1874 wakhipha umqulu ukushicilelwa "yabantu, noma umlando lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu, 'ngayo lapho echaza umbono wakhe phezu khona elandelayo phakathi kwenkawu nomuntu.

Phakathi uhambo e-Afrika nase-Asia, wabhala isebenza jellyfish, izinhlanzi ekujuleni kolwandle, radiolarians, bese uzibophezele ucwaningo zalezi zinto ukubhuka "Phylogeny izinhlelo". Ubude Ernst Haeckel wabhala imisebenzi mayelana 26, ezinye zazo zihunyushelwe Russian.

morphology Jikelele eziphilayo

Esinye isiyalo, ukuthuthukiswa eye wenza umnikelo obalulekile Ernst Haeckel - ngemvelo. Encwadini yakhe yokuqala "morphology Jikelele eziphilayo," Usosayensi theorizes ngesidingo ukuze uyikhethe njengendlela isiyalo ahlukene begazi. Ngokusho kwakhe, izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi nokuxhumana phakathi umzimba ophilayo kanye nobuhlobo babo ne imvelo kumelwe zibe isihloko ukutadisha isayensi ngokuthi ngemvelo.

Ernst Haeckel babekholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko lesi siyalo isifundo esiphathelene izimo organic wezinto zemvelo, ezithinta ukuzivumelanisa eziphilayo. Ngokwemvelo wezinto usosayensi waqonda nesimo sezulu ezifana ukukhanya, ugesi asemkhathini, umswakama, ukushisa, kwaba nabantu bezizwe ezixubile umhlabathi namanzi. Organic Haeckel kuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo.

umthetho biogenetic

Eshukunyiswe imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, Haeckel washayelwa umthetho, okuthiwa futhi umthetho Haeckel-Müller. Kusekelwe ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi ngesikhathi ekuthuthukisweni kwe-ngamunye umzimba eziphindaphindiwe yakha izigaba eziyinhloko zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuphela yayo. Okungukuthi, abagcina ukuthuthukiswa umbungu, singakwazi ukulandelela kumiswa yemvelo efana nayo.

Ngokokuqala ngqá umbono ocatshangelwayo ezifana ukubeka phambili Charlz Darvin kule ncwadi ka "The Origin of Species:", kodwa azange eshiwo ngokucacile kakhulu. 1864 Fritz Muller encwadini yakhe "Darwin" kusho ukuthi izenzakalo ezingokomlando kubonakala uhlobo ekuthuthukiseni abantu. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, Haeckel esekelwe zizicwaningele wanikeza ekwakhiweni ecacile lemicabango ngokuthi umthetho biogenetic.

Umthetho ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa njengobufakazi bokuthi imfundiso kaDarwin, nakuba okwamanje kukhona amaqiniso amaningi engase siphikise ubuqiniso bayo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho kusaqalwa yentuthuko yezilwane ezinomgogodla akufani. Ukufana waphawula kuphela izigaba kamuva.

ithiyori gastraea

Ngesisekelo umthetho biogenetic kwabe-Ernst Haeckel kudala umbono lichaza imvelaphi eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi kusuka unicellular. Ngokusho kwakhe, uyisidalwa sokuqala ezinamangqamuzana amaningi kwadingeka ukufana ne gastrula - embryonic ifomu, ehlanganisa ungqimba lamaseli zangaphandle kwangaphakathi.

Ngokwe-theory, ephilayo unicellular waqala division yokuthi amaseli indodakazi akazange bahlakazekela akha cluster. Kamuva baqala kuhluke izici tekusebentisa yokwakheka - enomthwalo wemfanelo ngalesi ukunyakaza, abanye ukugaya. Ngakho, ngokuvumelana theory Haeckel sika kwamiswa amaningi, eye okuthiwa gastraea. Wakhumbuza lokuqala coelenterates izilwane.

isiphetho

Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, u-Ernst Haeckel wanyathelisa eziningi, busuka isayensi imigomo ngesimiso semvelo, Pithecanthropus, ontogeny futhi phylogeny. Ukuhlola zasolwandle mikhankaso izilwane zasendle, wathola ezingaphezu kwekhulu zama-radiolarians. Haeckel wayephakathi Izazi kuqala eJalimane, wajoyina ithiyori le zikaDarwin. Ukusekela imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezifundweni zakhe, wayezama ukucacisa kombuso uhlelo isilwane, zavela le umthetho biogenetic futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela umsuka eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi.