Umqondo zilwane kanye nabantu, imibono yesimanje ku speciation, uhlobo nenqubo

Kubeka kahle izinto eziphilayo zibe amakilasi ahlukene bavunyelwe yakha umbono amaqembu ahlukene izinhlobo bahlale kule mbulunga. Yiqiniso, zikhona ukuphikisana eziningi ngisho ku kunemibono yanamuhla ngemvelaphi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo, kodwa ngezigaba eziyisisekelo kuyisisekelo, ekhuthaza ukuhleleka kwezinto eziphilayo. Kodwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi isibalo abamele amaqembu ehlukene echazwe nezilwane anda izikhathi eziningana Ngokuthakazelisayo, umbono zinhlobo busuka sezesayensi uKarl Linney emuva 1753. Futhi lokho ingasaphathwa ukuthuthukiswa njalo izindlela ekwakhekeni taxonomy kanye Standardization zezitshalo nezilwane.

imiqondo Jikelele zezinto eziphilayo kanye nabantu

Licashe aqondwe njengokufaka iqoqo abantu abaye ngofuzo iqoqo izici ezivamile ukuchaza morphological, bokuphila, begazi kanye nezinye izici. Eqinisweni, kule sethi izici futhi likuvumela ukuba ukhethe umuntu ophilayo eziphilayo ezitholakala labantu. Umqondo zasendulo zinhlobo biology siphinde sihlinzeke ngokuthi nabameleli bayo inqubo ukuphila hlala endaweni efanayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo umbono ingenye amafomu main umkhakha lapho izinto eziphilayo ihlelwe.

Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi omunye amakhono abavamile kalula ukuthola umuntu oyedwa ukuba uhlobo oluthile. Kuze kube yimanje, futhi inikeza eziningi zindlela ngawo abantu afakiwe ezigabeni ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo taxonomy. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, bakhona iqoqo abantu okuqondene ephilayo yohlobo olufanayo. Lokhu sokusebenzisana futhi kubangela ezivamile isakhi sofuzo pool, ikhono nokuzala inzalo esimeme nesizungu kusukela yezinye izinhlobo.

zindlela uhlobo

Sesiphawulile ukuthi nenqubo eziyisisekelo ethulwa izici ekhethekile amaqembu. Basic phakathi kwazo umbandela morphological, ogxile umehluko zangaphandle phakathi kwezinhlobo. Lokhu iqoqo izici evumela ukukhiqiza ukwehlukana eziphilayo kokuba izici ezihlukile ngokuya izici morphological yangaphakathi noma yangaphandle. Kodwa-ke akudingekile ukuba ngakususi amathuba unezimpawu kanzima kuchazwa ukuthi kukhona selitholakala kuphela inqubo kokuma eside.

Umbandela womhlaba futhi sigcwalisa umqondo kwezinhlobo. Indlela zinhlobo yalolu hlobo zisekelwe yokuthi amalungu weqembu ngalinye isikhala bawo obukhethekile izakhiwo ezivamile. Lena indawo yemvelo zemvelo, okuzokwenza kubhekwe eceleni.

Omunye umbandela okubalulekile bokuphila kanye kwamakhemikhali sici isethi. Ngokuya nokwethenjelwa iyona umbandela kweqiniso, njengoba kusekelwe umehluko phakathi izinhlobo izinqubo abahlukene kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka ngokulinganayo ezigabeni efanayo yezinto eziphilayo.

ububanzi kwezinhlobo

Le ndawo isikhala kuchazwe imingcele kwendawo lapho basakaza ifomu ukhonkolo. Ngokusekelwe izici uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli endaweni, kungenzeka ukuba bafinyelele iziphetho mayelana osayizi nomumo ukuthi ukuhlukanisa lesi sikhala umhlali. Empeleni, le ndawo ingasetshenziselwa njengoba sokunquma ubulungu umnyuziki ngazinye uhlobo oluthile, kodwa kubalulekile ukuthatha ezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama ku-akhawunti.

Okokuqala, kusobala ukuthi kwelinye olwenzeka endaweni bangaphila abameleli zinhlobo ezahlukene. Okwesibili, umqondo zinhlobo isikisela ukuthi umbandela yendawo ingabe kungenzeka ilahlekile uma sikhuluma mayelana cosmopolitans okuthiwa. Lolu hlobo, okuyinto kwakuthiwa kungenziwa basakaza emhlabeni wonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sezwe, izici zezulu, njalo njalo. D. abacwaningi futhi isehlane bystrorasselyayuschiesya iqembu labantu zinhlobo ezahlukene esingaguqula endaweni ukuze ochwepheshe awunaso isikhathi ukunquma izici zayo. Laba bantu are endlini-izimpukane ondlunkulu.

Umqondo zinhlobo futhi labantu ngemvelo

Uma sicabangela labantu kwemvelo futhi kubhekwa ngokomongo jikelele nokuxhumana abantu namanye amaqembu. Amapharamitha esiyinhloko ekutadisheni zinhlobo ngemvelo iyona yenani labantu, uhlobo lokudla, ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo, ukukhiqizwa kabusha nezikhathi, nokunye .. Lezi nezinye izinkomba uvumele izazi, bathi yonke le labantu abathile niches. Ngqo umbandela ethological kuyehla ukuhlonza umehluko ekuziphatheni phakathi abamele zinhlobo ezahlukene. Futhi, nomqondo zinhlobo emvelweni izimo uzimisele begazi abiotic eyinkimbinkimbi, lapho labantu savela futhi ngiyijwayele impilo.

Inqubo speciation

Ukwakheka kwezinhlobo ezintsha kwenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene, okuyinto abelwe emaqenjini ezimbili eziyinhloko. Njengomthetho, imiphumela speciation kusukela okuthiwa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo phyletic. Ngaphakathi accordance nga lo mqondo ka izinqubo ngaphakathi labantu olulodwa luholele yokuthi lithathelwe imvelo ikakhulukazi eziphilayo inyuka, okuholela izinguquko ezinkulu zenzeka izici iqembu.

Ifomu wesibili ka speciation kusekelwe yehlukanise iqembu ngezigaba ezimbili. Njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, umqondo kuhilela ukusetshenziswa izinhlobo eziningana izimpawu ze wayala abantu sinombono ukufakwa kwabo labantu ethize. Ubunzima enkulu e ngokunembile la ngeengaba kubangela nokuboniswa cleavage ngu speciation.

imiqondo Wanamuhla speciation

Zimbili izindlela kwencazelo speciation ngu yehlukanise iqembu. It speciation allopatric futhi sympatric. Esimweni sokuqala kusho ukunwetshwa kwendawo yemvelo yokuqala ifomu ngaphansi kwezimo isikhathi eside sihlale labantu kwezinhlansi ngabodwa womhlaba. Isimo kubalulekile izimfanelo ukwakheka, esanele ukuhlukanisa zezinhlobo behlukaniswe iqembu ahlukene, it is uvale kusukela eyinhloko abameleli umthombo labantu. Yemvelo ngokwahlukana ezindawo ingabuye yenteke ngesikhatsi boom emikhulu, ulwandle besebunzimeni nokunye okunjalo. D.

Ukuze ubone ukuthi amafomu sympatric kwetinhlavu amaqembu amasha, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi umqondo we zinhlobo kuhlanganisa okumqoka ukudla lunye ngabanye. Lokho division ngesisekelo izimbangela kanye nezimiso kumiswa kwezinhlobo ezintsha ngaphakathi qembu lokuqala.

isiphetho

Isasekhona namuhla taxonomy izinhlobo eziphilayo kuyinto sikude kakhulu nokuphelela. Iqiniso ukuthi ngisho amathuluzi zobuchwepheshe nezindlela ukukhomba izici ngabanye ezahlukene akwenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokunemba okwanele ukuze abone kubo njengoba abameleli isigaba othize.

It siyashintsha kakhulu umqondo zinhlobo, kulekelelwa izici ezintsha izici begazi, ezindawo kanye nezemvelo. Yiqiniso, indawo ekhethekile namanje elalihlala izici bokuphila eziphilayo, akha isici esiyisisekelo isethelwe kumiswa systematics. Ubunzima ngezigaba ngokuvamile ziba khona uma amafomu amasha, emi izixhumanisi Lesisemkhatsini phakathi izinhlobo ezahlukene.