I ezibiyele udonga. Ubani ungcwatshwe eduze udonga ezibiyele? Flame Okuphakade ngesikhathi udonga ezibiyele

Omunye ezikhangayo esemqoka inhlokodolobha, owawuthi eMoscow neyaziwayo ngisho nabantu bokufika - walolu donga Kremlin. Nakuba ekuqaleni labhalwa njengoba uthango ukuzivikela, manje ukhonza, kunalokho, umsebenzi zokuhlobisa futhi kuyinto lesikhumbuzo yezakhiwo. Kodwa sihluke kuleli, ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule kuze ezibiyele udonga ikhonza njengombonisi endaweni yokungcwaba abantu abavelele kuleli zwe. Lokhu yamathuna kuyinto emathuneni olungavamile kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi buye baba enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu izikhumbuzo zomlando ka -dolobha endaweni ukuvakashela izinkulungwane zezivakashi.

Umlando odongeni ezibiyele

ukubukeka Modern kwathatha kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16. Yayakhiwe ezibiyele udonga kusuka ngezitini ezibomvu esizeni itshe lasendulo ezimhlophe, futhi nje empumalanga endaweni ezibiyele sanwetshwa. Yakhiwa yi-abaklami Italy. Ukuma odongeni ezibiyele inqaba okuphindaphindiwe ukuma bunjengokubonakala unxantathu okungajwayelekile. Lolo hide luqala ngo phezu amakhilomitha amabili ukuphakama kwamamitha ezinhlanu kuya amabili. Izindonga eliphakeme babevela Red Square. Top ezibiyele udonga ehlotshiswe amazinyo ukuthi ezime njengesitebhisi a dovetail. Kukhona engaphezu kwenkulungwane, futhi cishe bonke babe izimbotshana emincane. Udonga ngokwawo wonke, cishe izikhathi eziphindwe kasithupha amamitha, it is wahlela embrasures eziningi futhi ukuhwebelana. Ngaphandle, kuba abushelelezi, eyakhiwe ngezitini zibomvu. kwemibhoshongo ezahlukene abangaphezu kuka-20 afakwa udonga. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kubo - uMsindisi, enikezwe ezibiyele Chime. Ngaphezu ukubaluleka yayo yezakhiwo kanye zomlando, ke manje ezibiyele Wall izivakashi futhi ezidalwe kulezi zinsuku zokugcina yamathuna leminyaka. He is uhlobo emathuneni, elaba yisikhumbuzo.

Ukudala ezibiyele yamathuna

Okokuqala okubili amathuna mass eduze udonga ezibiyele uvele Novemba 1917. Bakhandwa esisogwini Red Square phakathi Nikol'skii neSango Spassky. Bangcwatshwa amasosha acishe abe ngu-200 nameless abashona ngesikhathi Okthoba Revolution. Eminyakeni eyishumi eyalandela, a amathuna eduze udonga engaphezu kweyishumi mass. Futhi ezingamakhulu amathathu wangcwatshwa kubo amaBolshevik eyaziwa amagama angu-110 kuphela. Ukuze kuhlonishwe kubo liye okuthiwa ezitaladini eziningi tikwele inhlokodolobha nakwamanye amadolobha. Kuze 1927 mayelana ezibiyele udonga, futhi ngisho nabafileyo bangcwatshwa ishone ngezimo abaholi zemvelo inguquko. Kwakukhona nemingcwabo olulodwa zabantu abadumile isikhathi.

Ubani ungcwatshwe eduze ezibiyele udonga eminyakeni yokuqala?

• Yithuna wokuqala olulodwa ngesikhathi ezibiyele udonga lapho ngo-1919. It wangcwatshwa Ya. M. Sverdlov.
• Esikhathini 20s zakuqala izibalo abaningi ababevelele party futhi uhulumeni bangcwatshwa emathuneni ngabanye: M. V Frunze, F. E. Dzerzhinsky, M. V Kalinin nabanye.
• Eminyakeni yokuqala ye ezibiyele Wall Necropolis wangcwatshwa njengoba amaKhomanisi angaphandle. Lapha bangcwatshwe Dzhon ukuqeda, Clara Zetkin, Inessa Armand noSam Katayama.
• Kusukela ngo-1924, maphakathi waba yamathuna we ezibiyele Mausoleum lapho abeke umzimba V I. Lenina. Le ndawo eyayizoba nesigcawu abavelele abaqavile emphakathini.

Burial 30-80-yalolucwaningo

Ngemva 1927 kwanqunywa ukuba angcwatshwe eduze ezibiyele udonga kuphela amalungu avelele beqembu kanye nohulumeni, kanye ososayensi okukhulu. yokungcwaba anobuhlobo Ngama, kodwa ngo-1985 yamathuna wangcwatshwa abantu abaningi abadumile.

• amalungu enhlangano kanye uhulumeni: Budyonny, Suslov, uBrezhnev, Andropov futhi Chernenko;
• ngasekuqaleni kwawo-60-yalolucwaningo we Lenin Mausoleum kwenziwe futhi wangcwatshwa eduze ezibiyele udonga emzimbeni I. V Stalina;
• Zonke bafela elisezingeni Marshal Zhukov, isibonelo;
• pilot oluvelele, isibonelo, Chkalov, Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin nabanye abaningi;
• Karpinski ososayensi eyaziwa, Kurchatov futhi Korolev;
• yamathuna Izivakashi abanesifiso ngubani ungcwatshwa odongeni Kremleskoy namanje ungabona igama likanina kukaLenin, umkakhe N. K. Krupskoy, umlobi Maxim Gorky, Lunacharsky Commissar wezeMfundo, nabanye abaningi.

kanjani wangcwatshwa yamathuna?

Kuze 80s ekuqaleni lalisetshenziswa ukumbelwa zabantu abadumile ezibiyele udonga. Burial eceleni kwakhe babe zezinhlobo ezimbili:

1. Ukuze ngakwesokudla Mausoleum eduze udonga ezibiyele zitholakala amathuna nosaziwayo kakhulu iqembu uhulumeni. Basuke ehlotshiswe ekumeni sculptural - busts ka umqophi abadumile Merkurov, saseTomsk, nezinye Rukavishnikova. Umuntu wokugcina wangcwatshwa eduze udonga ezibiyele, kwaba K. U. Chernenko, wembelwa khona futhi ngo-1985.
2. Iningi labo wangcwatshwa yamathuna ka sebefile. Urns nomlotha wabo imbedded ogangeni ezibiyele nhlangothi zombili iSigele umbhoshongo. Amagama abo kanye nezinsuku zokuphila uqoshwe slabs yesikhumbuzo. Sekukonke, udonga amanga izinsalela zabantu ezinkulu 114 - ososayensi, ibutho lezempi, osopolitiki kanye osomkhathi. I last wangcwatshwa ngendlela D. F. Ustinov.

Yini enye engingabuye ezibiyele udonga laziwe?

Burial, izivakashi edonsa akuzona kuphela Red Square. I ezibiyele Wall Necropolis engena ayisikhumbuzo "Ithuna we Soldier elingaziwa", etholakala kwi-Alexander Garden. It yadalwa 1967 behlonipha weminyaka engu-25 yokukhululwa eMoscow. Umlotha isosha angaziwa ukuthutha isibhamu njengengxenye nomngcwabo wakhishwa Zelenograd. Ifomu wanamuhla yesikhumbuzo ingathathwa ngokushesha. ithuna yesosha wamiswa itshe lethuna yenziwe ngohlobo wenza cast ngethusi. On emphethweni ifulege impi uyisivikelo sekhanda lesosha futhi igatsha umfire. Flame Okuphakade ngesikhathi udonga ezibiyele sigcwalisa kwengoma. Kamuva, ifakiwe ku-alley ngamayunithi porphyry ezigcinwa ngaphansi komhlaba eziyishumi amadolobha-namaqhawe, futhi ngo-2010 kwaba khona egwadle yesikhumbuzo imitha-10 Itshe. Iphinde elifanekisela inkumbulo yamadolobha iqhawe. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela wonke sokuqanjwa ngokwaso udonga yesikhumbuzo Kremlin. Izithombe endaweni eyaziwa hhayi kuphela e-Russia kodwa futhi phesheya.

Umlando yamathuna

Iminyaka ababalelwa ekhulwini, kukhona uhlobo emathuneni. Ukubukeka kwaso lashintsha izikhathi eziningana, futhi in the 50s waze wafuna ukuba uvale futhi ukuhambisa uthuli yokuphumula lapho kwenye indawo. Sahlela ukwenza ukudala kela ekhethekile, kodwa umsebenzi ngokushesha ivaliwe. On isiphetho yamathuna akuyona okuningi okwakwenzeka ezweni kubonakala izenzakalo zezombusazwe. Nakuba nemigomo sehlazweni, hhayi yokungcwaba odongeni, kodwa yokungcwaba ekhona is hhayi iqedwe. Kusukela ngo-1974, i-yamathuna senziwe inani izikhumbuzo zomphakathi, futhi wavikelwa nguhulumende. Ingxenye yalo - Tomb of the Soldier engaziwa - isibe iyindawo ethandwa kakhulu yizivakashi izivakashi nokuhambela ababusi bakwamanye amazwe. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi ukhuluma ngani ukuqedwa yamathuna futhi ukudluliswa nelomlotha wangcwatshwa khona ku emathuneni abavamile. Lokhu kungenxa hhayi zenkolo kuphela, kodwa futhi yezakhi zezombusazwe. Kodwa ngokuvumelana nomthetho wamanje isiRashiya, kudingeka ukuthola imvume ka izihlobo, okuyinto ezimweni eziningi akunakwenzeka. Ngakho manje yamathuna waba lesikhumbuzo yezakhiwo kanye zomlando. izivakashi eziningi zivame ukuvakashela odongeni Kremlin.

okusho yamathuna

Kusukela eminyakeni yokuqala kwalophiko, ke liye laba yindawo yesifungo amasosha phambi yamathanga wezindawo zezidumbu. Phakathi nenkathi kaKhisimusi, Ethuneni we Soldier elingaziwa babelwe amagoda ezimbali. Futhi kule minyaka yamuva, kuwufanele mayelana unogada unomphela behlonipha amabutho ibutho kamongameli. Le ndawo evakashela amathimba angaphandle kanye nezivakashi hhayi kuphela ngamaholide, kodwa futhi ngezinsuku abavamile. Akuwona wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ubani ungcwatshwe eduze udonga ezibiyele, kodwa ukuthi kube yisikhumbuzo enjalo, waziwa hhayi kuphela e-Russia kodwa futhi phesheya. Lokhu yamathuna kwaba omunye ezikhangayo ethandwa kakhulu eMoscow.