Ethology - isayensi zonke izinhlobo ukuziphatha isegazini bezilwane nabantu abavela

Bewazi yini ukuthi izifundo ethology? Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko, uzofunda impendulo yalo mbuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, thina ukuchaza imiqondo eyisisekelo nemibono okuxoxwe ngazo kohlaka kwale sayensi. "Ethology" - igama elalisetshenziswa ngaphezulu engxenyeni wesi-2 ka-18 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Nokho, lalisetshenziswa ke kuphela maqondana umuntu ubheke uhlamvu kanye nencazelo yalo esekelwe isifundo nangezandla.

Classical ethology

Ekuqaleni le ethology kwekhulu lama-20 - kuba isiyalo ezimele yezesayensi. Okokuqala, sifundwa kanye ukunyakaza ahlukahlukene stereotypical imizwelo engokwemvelo izilwane - wahlanganyela definition zabo nokuziphatha Luhlatiyo.

Ethology - isayensi, okuvela kuyo okuyinto lihlotshaniswa umsebenzi Ch O. Uitmena, uW Craig O. Heynrota.. isayensi Classical uye safinyelela iqophelo ukuthuthukiswa ngemisebenzi N. Tinbergen, K. Lorenz Karl von Frisch. Lezi ososayensi emsebenzini wabo wabeka izisekelo ethology. I yagxila ucwaningo wenziwa ukuhlaziywa mkhuba ugqozi. K. Lorenz wasikisela ukuthi imodeli wokubacindezela yokuziphatha, echaza isenzo, kubonakala, sonke Izilawuli yayo. Usosayensi waphawula ukuthi ukukhula nogqozi (isib, uma isilwane zibancishe ukudla ama) agcinwe amandla ethize ezibangelwa kuphela lolu hlobo lokuziphatha. It isikhathi qiniseka ukuthola indlela yokuphuma. Ngenxa yalokhu, lesi silwane ngesikhathi ukudla nokuswela imibukiso okuhloswe ngaso beyofuna umsebenzi ukudla locomotor. Ngemva kokuphothulwa ezithile isenzo kokuziphatha (kithi - ukugcwaliswa) kufika esigabeni yokuphumula. Lokhu ukuziphatha (isib, ukudla) ngalesi sikhathi ayikwazi ukutholwa.

ngobutjha imiqondo

Ethology - isayensi, lapho kwakukhona rethinking imiqondo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngenxa ulwazi zanqwabelana, abaningi babo abakwazanga ukwanelisa ososayensi. Kwaba sobala ukuthi ukuhlaziya ecashile ugqozi ukusebenza kanye nokugqugquzela umqondo musa lula ucwaningo kokuziphatha, kodwa kunalokho izinkinga ke. Angiboni ukuthi amamodeli ezichaza ekuqongeleleni amandla nogqozi, ziwusizo.

Ososayensi okuqondene esikoleni classical, igcile ekutadisheni ukuziphatha esingokwemvelo, kunqunywa zofuzo. Nokho, naphezu kwalokhu, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi njengoba into yocwaningo lwalo, eziyingxenye esemqoka ohlelweni ukuziphatha. Kuhlanganisa hhayi kuphela izakhi esingokwemvelo, kodwa futhi atholwe.

ethology yesimanje

ethology Modern - kuyinto isayensi imikhuba yezilwane futhi lowo muntu ibe isigaba esisha nocwaningo lwakhe. Yena ibambisene zoopsychology kanye psychology yokuqhathanisa. Namuhla, singakhuluma ngemvelaphi uhlobo zokwenziwa isayensi. Ukuziphatha ke sifundwa kakhulu. Ethology - isayensi kwemvelo yayo, ukubaluleka tekusebentisa oluhambelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo kukhona izindlela zokuqapha ukuziphatha kanye nabanye.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko ethology yesimanje

Ethologists esekelwe yokuthi indlela izilwane liziphathe nabantu endaweni yazo yemvelo, kuhlobene eduze le morphology into ngokuyinhloko isakhiwo isimiso sezinzwa. Ososayensi ezihambayo ngokucacile kude yendabuko ucwaningo "imizwelo engokwemvelo." Inselelo enkulu ayisekho ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi yiziphi uhlobo ukuziphatha nokuthi ingakanani kunqunywa ithonya imvelo noma genotype. Ngo-1977 LV Krushinsky wabhala ukuthi umbuzo amafomu abalufundile noma azalwa naso yokuziphatha ayinakho incazelo. Singakuqonda ngokwabo kuphela ezingeni sokuthuthuka, "ukuphakama ingqondo," kanye nekhono ezintweni ezithile abameleli taxa ezahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, singaba kutholakale umsuka wendaba yesihluku kokuhlukana lezi zinyathelo, ngoba lezinceku neze.

ukuziphatha Esishukumisayo

Ethology Usebe negalelo ebalulekile ekukhuleni we-social sciences. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kwafakazela khona iziteshi of ukuziphatha kwabantu nezilwane. It akunqunywa zofuzo, ngokuvumelana imibono yesimanje lososayensi. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi ukuziphatha unamandla oluthambile ithonya imvelo. Kukhona kungenzeka zokuziphatha kubantu nasezilwaneni. It ihlobene yokuthi kungenzeka ukufunda ngabanye sinomthwalo imingcele yazo. Nature sensorimotor apharathasi ziwumthwalo ukulinganiselwa ayo kubantu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, akusiyo okungenamingcele property isimiso sezinzwa, futhi nekhono lokuqonda ulwazi. ethologists Abaningi manje ukulahla imibono nogqozi kwakuvamile ngaphambili. Akholelwa ukuthi le umqondo libhekisela imihlola, ubunjalo okuyinto ayikaqondwa kahle.

Ukuziphatha futhi izitho zomzimba

Emazingeni ezahlukene ethologists sichaze uhlobo ukuziphatha: ethological, ngokwengqondo, bokuphila. Ukuze ezingeni lokugcina izindlela zihlanganisa kungokoqobo-okuqonda, humoral futhi ethukile. Nokho, bokuphila indlela nokuziphatha sihlangana nobunzima obukhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuziphatha kanye ahlobene izindlela bokuphila njalo nomthelela nomunye. Physiology, ngakolunye uhlangothi, elawula ukuziphatha. Nokho, uma ubheka ngakolunye uhlangothi, konke kwenzeka okuphambene. Phela, ukuziphatha ungalawula izinqubo bokuphila. It is, eyaziwa isibonelo, imiphumela endocrine ku ukubonakaliswa nolaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, siyazi ukuthi ngaphansi kwethonya ukuziphatha zingashintsha amazinga ama-hormone egazini izilwane. Izincwadi obuseduze obukhona phakathi komhlambi ezimbili kusikisela ukuthi izitho zomzimba, kunalokho, indlela yangaphakathi ekuzigcwaliseni ukuziphatha, kunokuba ukushayela yayo amandla nokucabanga okuhluzekile.

Ukuziphatha futhi Psychology

Ya Badridze futhi Ovsianiko ukunikela ukuthola isihluthulelo ukuqonda izinqubo ezithakazelisayo ethology kuzinga ngokwengqondo. Lezi abalobi bakholelwa ukuthi kubalulekile ukusebenzisa umqondo okhethekile ukuze uqonde izindlela ngokwengqondo yokuziphatha. Kumayelana induduzo ngokwengqondo. Ngo imodeli, lezi ososayensi ke uvezwa njengoMahluleli ukuziphatha ukushayela kohlelo. Lokhu ndlela ibandakanya ukucabangela noma iyiphi impendulo zokuziphatha, njengoba uthi ezimbili kwengqondo - ukungakhululeki nenduduzo. Kulesi lokugcina zilingana isimo ngokwengqondo nasemkhakheni aliziphikisi phakathi umsebenzi wamanje, isidingo futhi yizici zemvelo. Ekhululekile, isimo olinganiselayo omuhle ngokomzwelo. Ukungakhululeki siyenzeka lapho yezimbangela ezintathu ezibalwe ngenhla, ephikisana lonke. Lezi zinguquko zisenza sibe imizwelo engakhi.

Model Badridze futhi Ovsyanikova

Model Badridze J. noN Ovsyanikova isikisela ukuthi izilwane ekuziphatheni kwazo zivame ukuba ulondoloze isimo induduzo ngokwengqondo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, basuke bezama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke nemingcele ezisethubeni nomunye. Kulesi hypothesis, siphawula izici ezilandelayo omuhle: ingasetshenziswa emhlabeni maqondana ukuhlaziywa ukuziphatha eziphilayo ezingeni ngabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndlela ngawo belu umzamo wokuthola izindlela ukuthi asebenza ngaphakathi ukuziphatha uhlelo. Futhi nephuzu lesithathu - ukuqashelwa ukuthi izilwane bayakwazi ukubikezela inkambo izenzakalo imvelo imizimba kanye nomphakathi, kanye ulungise izenzo zabo ngokuhambisana nezinguquko kungenzeka.

Lesi saga sibonisa imibono ethology yesimanje ngendima abakuzwayo futhi equlekile ekuziphatheni isilwane. Nokho, kukhona izici ezingezinhle. Lokhu ubumbaxambili le ndlela kanye nokuntuleka izindlela sokulinganisa ibhalansi yangaphakathi, isimo esingokomzwelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akucaci ukuthi ukuziphatha ethology isilwane kungaba ukuhlola ngezidingo zabo.

Ethological indlela nokuziphatha

Esikhathini ukulungele RV Hind indlela ethological ligxile ukuhlaziya ukuziphatha izindlela zangaphakathi eqenjini namazinga ngabanye. Ugcizelela ukuthi imithetho yayo ezingeni social ayikwazi sehliselwe isamba ukubonakaliswa phezu ephansi.

Ubudlelwane kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu

ethology kwabantu nezilwane esanda ukunaka kakhulu hhayi ahlaziye ukuziphatha kwabantu, futhi ukutadisha ubuhlobo kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwazo. Kusolwa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye unabanye, has imibono yayo mayelana nokuziphatha okungenzeka abalingani, elihambisana isimo inikezwe. Abantu ukwamukela ukumelwa kudingekile ngesisekelo kokwake namalungu bohlobo lwazo. Uma abantu ababili ezingajwayelekile mbeni kokuba nobutha, ukuziphatha kwabo kukhawulwe ukuboniswa eziningi ngokuyinhloko kuphela. Lokhu kuxhumana ngokuvamile lokho kwanele ukwenza omunye wabo wavuma ukunqotshwa.

Leli qiniso kubonisa ukuzithoba. Kuthatha indawo ngendlela enokuthula aphume yokuthi abantu bayakwazi ukubona amathuba nokuqhamuka ukuphoqelela abaphikisi ukuba izimpawu zangaphandle (ezempilo kanye nesimo ukudla, usayizi, ubuntu, isimo, iminyaka nokunye. D.). Uma abantu abe esiningi uxhumana nomunye, phakathi kwabo kukhona ubudlelwano ekhethekile, okwenziwa ngokumelene isizinda othintana nomphakathi. Ngiyavuma, lokhu isayensi bezijabulisa kakhulu. Ethology namuhla akusilo ize iyaduma ngaphezulu. Mhlawumbe hhayi umuntu wayengeke abe nesithakazelo kule incazelo ukuziphatha.

ubuhlobo inethiwekhi

Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje, uhlu lokho ethology izifundo, kwahambisana by izindawo omusha wocwaningo. Yena ezama ukuthola imibuzo eminingana, izimpendulo ngalo Akunakwenzeka ukunikeza, esekelwe eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma yendabuko isazela kanye nogqozi. Okokuqala, ukuze uthole ukuthi kungani izinhlelo kwabantu nezilwane social njalo olwakhiwe, futhi kungani lezi zakhiwo Cishe njalo ihlelwe ngendlela phezulu.

In the network of ubudlelwano kwezilwane bachazwa ngokuya ocansini, nokuzwelana, selectivity ngabanye, izinhlelo yokubuswa. Kubantu, bona zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Amanethiwekhi zinto zingase zicishe zifane (ikakhulu amaqembu yokuzalana hlobo lwezinkawu, behlobene nobudlelwano isikhundla), kodwa kungaba khona eceleni komunye nomunye (isibonelo, i-ubudlelwano inethiwekhi kwentsha nontanga esikoleni nasekhaya). Zokwakha ubuhlobo, iqembu labantu bakha senhlalo. Kubalulekile wazi ukuthi phakathi emazingeni ahlukahlukene eyinkimbinkimbi yezenhlalakahle kuye kwaba ukuphazamiseka izinze.

We phendula umbuzo mayelana nalokho ethology. Khomba izindawo ngocwaningo alwenzayo osekwenziwe kokubili ngokoMthetho zomlando ngokuya izindlela ezingafani. Yiqiniso, siyobe ukuchaza kuphela imibuzo eyisisekelo ososayensi kulesi siqondiso. Njengoba ethology isicelo kanye theory ngenkuthalo abakuhlakulelayo namuhla, ngakho esikhathini esizayo, mhlawumbe, kuzoba izindawo omusha wocwaningo.