Kuyini ethology kwezilwane? Lokho uhlola isayensi ethology?

Kuyini ethology? Kuyinto isayensi okuyinto etadisha ukuziphatha izilwane. Ukuze ukufunda okuthile hlobo kubalulekile ukuba sizigcine nendawo yazo yemvelo. Nokho, ukufunda izimiso okusekelwe kuzo ukuziphatha waphawula, ngezinye izikhathi kudingeka kokungenela ngaphandle. Ethology kusiza ukuchaza ekuxhumaneni eziyinkimbinkimbi phakathi ngokwemvelo okubhalwe ukuziphatha isegazini futhi imvelo.

Umsuka ethology njengoba isayensi

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukuziphatha isilwane ibilokhu wafunda ikakhulu esebenzisa ucwaningo laboratory. Le ndlela enokwehla kuye kwaholela okutholakele eziningi ezinkulu, ezifana umthetho umphumela futhi behaviorism. Ethology isibe isiyalo ehloniphekayo emashumini eminyaka ambalwa kamuva, lapho behaviorists European (ethologists) Dr. Konrad Lorenz no-Niko Tinbergen wanika isintu esinjalo okutholakele ezivusa amadlingozi njengoba imprinting, nezikhathi ezibucayi yentuthuko, kubangela indlela yokuziphatha, izenzo izakhiwo fixed, ngemoto zokuziphatha nomqondo ukufuduka ukuziphatha.

Lorenz futhi Tinbergen, kanye fan of bee ukuziphatha Karl von Frisch wabelane uMklomelo KaNobel ngo-1973 ngeqhaza labo ekutadisheni imikhuba yezilwane. Nakuba eminye imininingwane emibonweni yabo abangu kamuva yaxoxa futhi washintsha, nezimiso eziyisisekelo akukashintshi. Behaviorism futhi ethology - lawa ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene ukutadisha ukuziphatha kwezilwane; omunye kukhawulwe ikakhulu yokuhlolwa yase-laboratory (biheviorizm) kanye nezinye kusekelwe izifundo ensimini (izilwane ethology). Ngemiphumela yocwaningo kokubili wesayensi asivumela ukunikeza umbono ocacile ngezindinganiso ukuziphatha izilwane.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ethology, wahlanganyela ososayensi enjalo eliqavile ngasekupheleni 19 futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, uCharles Darwin, A. Whitman, Uolles Kreyg nabanye. Behaviorism - igama libuye lichaze yesayensi kanye umgomo ukuziphatha izilwane, kodwa ngokuvamile libhekisela cwaningo okulungiselelwe ukusabela kokuziphatha ezimweni laboratory kanye ngokugcizelela kancane on the nezimo kwemvelo. zemvelo, abaningi baye bafunda ayezibona bezenza isilwane kulo lonke emlandweni wesintu.

Isayensi ethology

Kuyini ethology? Lokhu esigatshaneni yezinto eziphilayo esicwaninga ukuziphatha izilwane noma abantu. Njengomthetho, ethologists ukubukela ukuhlangana nezilwane endaweni yazo yemvelo, zifunda ukuziphatha ejwayelekile nemibandela ezithinta lokhu kuziphatha. Ejwayelekile yokuziphatha - imikhuba esivamile amalungu kohlobo oluthile. Okuningi inkimbinkimbi njengamanye ama reflex, uhlobo isegazini indlela nikhulula, isebenze ukuchayeka ezintweni ezithile.

Ukuqonda ethology futhi indlela yokuziphatha yezilwane kungaba esibalulekile ukuqeqeshwa kwezilwane. Ucwaningo ukuziphatha bemvelo zinhlobo ezahlukene noma izinhlobo ivumela Umqeqeshi ukukhetha labo abamele ngubani ezisilungele kangcono ukwenza imisebenzi edingekayo. Iphinde ivumele umqeqeshi kahle zishukumisa ukuziphatha yemvelo futhi kuvimbele engathandeki.

Ngokuvamile ethologists uzame ukuphendula imibuzo emine eyisisekelo mayelana izinhlobo zokuziphatha:

1. Iyini imbangela futhi isisusa salokhu eziholela ekuziphatheni.
2. Yiziphi lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti sesilwane ehilelekile ukuziphatha.
3. Kanjani futhi kungani ekushintsheni ukuziphatha kwesilwane nge ukuthuthukiswa yayo.
4. Kanjani ukuziphatha kuthinta ngokufaneleka lithathelwe isilwane.

Umqondo ethology

Ethology kwezilwane njengendlela mqondo belilokhu likhona kusukela 1762, lapho kwachazwa eFrance njengoba cwaningo yokuziphatha yezilwane. Ngalo mqondo, it has kunencazelo efanayo igama lesiGreki "ethos", okuyindawo ethemini yesimanje lisuselwa ethology. Nokho, ukuzimela ethology izwi kuhlotshaniswa 'izimiso' le nkulumo isetshenziswa izincwadi-Anglo-Saxon ngokuthi "isayensi yemvelo." Umsunguli ethology zanamuhla udokotela futhi owayeyisazi sesayensi yezilwane Konrad Lorenz. Through isicelo ehlelekile izindlela begazi ukucwaninga okuthile, bacubungula ukuziphatha izilwane.

Incwadi yokuqala yesimanje ku ethology, ukutadisha isazela yabhalwa ngo-1951 ngu-Nicolaas Tinbergen. Kokuma yenombolo wabasunguli be ethology njengoba isayensi, kuhlanganise Spalding (1873), Darwin (1872), Whitman (1898), Altumy (1868) kanye Craig (1918) yokuvusa isithakazelo ngokwesayensi imikhuba yezilwane. Lokho ethology, kanye isihloko cwaningo yayo, saqala ukuba banake. Lokhu isayensi kwakubhekwa njengesenzo legatsha ezimele wesayensi kudala njengoba 1910. Esikhathini yesimanje umqondo ethology sikhuluma ngokuhoxiswa yesayensi yokuziphatha isilwane, kanye ezinye izici zokuziphatha kwabantu. Igama elithi "Psychology isilwane" isasetshenziswa ngezinye izikhathi, kodwa umongo luyingxenye zomlando.

onobuhle abahlukahlukene yokuziphatha yezilwane: cwaningo

Ethology study imikhuba yezilwane onobuhle ehlukene, abese kuhlukaniswe futhi uma kuqhathaniswa ukuziphatha nokuthi nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, ikakhulukazi ehlobene eduze. Kubalulekile ukuthi izilwane observation kwaba endaweni yazo yemvelo noma eduze-yemvelo. kokuma engeziwe basekuthunjweni nazo kaningi ziyadingeka.

Nakuba ukuqeqeshwa phambili kubhekwa njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ukuziphatha izilwane, omunye imisebenzi eyinhloko ethology isifundo esiphathelene isegazini ukuziphatha amaphethini nobuntu wonke amalungu ephilayo yohlobo olufanayo. Ngemva kokufunda lezi onobuhle, usukulungele sizocabangela izinguquko ekuphakameni ukuziphatha kubangelwa ukuqeqeshwa. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba akuzona zonke ushintsho ukuma noma ukusebenza lwamaphethini kokuziphatha phakathi komuntu ngamunye ihlanganisa nokuqeqeshwa njengoba oluthile esenesikhathi.

Izibonelo imikhuba yezilwane

ukuziphatha Animal kuhlanganisa izenzo ezihlukahlukene. Unganikeza isibonelo: yasendle nedube indlovu ukuthambisa ngesikhathi kwesigubhu. Wakwenzelani lokho? Lona umdlalo noma isenzo sokuthakazelelwa? Empeleni sishaye idube - akusiwona isenzo enobungane. Indlovu uzama nje ukugcina kude amadube Waterhole. Izibonelo imikhuba yezilwane kungabangela omningi, isibonelo, uma inja lihlala phezu umyalo, noma ikati ukuthi uzama ukubamba igundane. Ukuziphatha kwezilwane kuhlanganisa zonke izindlela of uxhumana nomunye futhi imvelo.

Ekukhuleni kwamangqamuzana isazela nofuzo

Kakade 1760, uProfesa e Hamburg Hermann Samuweli Reimarus phendla emhlabeni welithi "nokuvuthwa imizwelo engokwemvelo" futhi waveza umehluko phakathi amakhono azalwa naso futhi atholwe. amakhono angaphakathi, ezifana search for ukudla noma ukuqonda ulimi umdanso lezinyosi abakhona ngesikhathi sokuzalwa. Ukuze ukuzivumelanisa ngempumelelo, isilwane kumele ibe okungenani imininingwane yayo kulahlwa ngemvelo. Lolu lwazi kungangeniswa kube yincenye kuma-chromosome, noma agcinwe kumemori, okusho ukuthi kungaba azalwa naso noma bathenga. Ngo Amaphetheni arareneko zokuziphatha ezimbi zivame kwenzeka ukuxhumana phakathi zombili lezi zici.

Ukuphenywa elisekela zofuzo yokuziphatha kuyinto ebalulekile okuyingxenye ethology. Ngokwesibonelo, Ukunqamula izinhlobo ezimbili zezintuthwane amadada, okuyinto ngezindlela ezahlukene usathandana ngenkathi yokukhwelana, ungakwazi kukhiqizwe izinhlobo ezixubile nge ukuziphatha ehluke ngokuphelele ngalesi sikhathi, sihluke umzali, kodwa ngikhona ukuziphatha kusolwa okhokho ezivamile kwalesi silwane. Nokho, kuze kube manje akucaci ukuthi izimbangela bokuphila banesibopho mehluko.

Imvelo nendlela umuntu akhuliswe neyokukhuliswa: ukuvela imikhuba yezilwane

Ethology, isayensi yokuziphatha isilwane, njengoba umthetho, ugxila ukuziphatha vivo uhlola ukuziphatha njengoba imfanelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo-oluhambelana. Uma ukuziphatha isilwane ilawulwa izakhi zofuzo, bangakwazi nokuguquguquka ngokusebenzisa ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. ukuziphatha Key zibangelwa ufuzo, futhi lonke - nakho kokuphila endaweni ethile. Umbuzo uwukuthi ukuthi ukuziphatha ikakhulukazi elawulwa ufuzo noma imvelo, ngokuvamile isihloko mpikiswano. imikhuba yokuziphatha kuchazwa ngokuthi imvelo (izakhi zofuzo) nemfundo (imvelo).

Ngo izinja, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthambekela baziphathe ngendlela ethile maqondana nezinye izinja, mhlawumbe kulawulwa zofuzo. Nokho, ukuziphatha evamile akakwazi ukuthuthukisa endaweni lapho kungekho ezinye izinja. Puppy, owakhulela todvwa, ungase wesabe nezinye izinja noma babe nodlame ngakubo. Imvelo futhi ziziphathe ngendlela, njengoba ukwandisa ngokucacile ukuqina izilwane ukuthi iyagcinwa. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho nezimpisi zizingela ndawonye iphakethe bakwazi ukubamba ezinye izisulu luyanda kakhulu. Ngakho, impisi livela maningi amathuba okuthi ukusinda udlule yofuzo esizukulwaneni esilandelayo.

Izimbangela ukuziphatha kuhlanganisa zonke ezintweni ukuthi nomthelela ekuziphatheni, kungakhathaliseki yangaphandle (ukudla noma uma ibona izilwane eziyingozi) noma yangaphakathi (hormone noma izinguquko isimiso sezinzwa). Injongo impendulo ethile yokuziphatha kuyinto kunomthelela oqonde ngqo ukuziphatha esinye isilwane, isibonelo, ukuheha naye kokuzalela. Ukuthuthukiswa yokuziphatha elihlobene ne imihlola noma amathonya lapho ukuziphatha kushintsha phakathi ngokuphila kwesilwane. Evolution yokuziphatha lihlotshaniswa umsuka ukuziphatha nokuthi bayashintsha nge ushintsho izizukulwane.