Inkathi Geological. lwezikhathi wokubalwa kweminyaka ngamadwala

Kukholakala ukuthi izwe kudingeka sekuyiminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu eziyisikhombisa ukuba babe esikwaziyo ngiyibone namuhla. Eminyakeni naso sonke isikhathi ukhona yayo, iplanethi yethu iye efunde izimfihlo eziningi, ikakhulukazi mayelana ukwakheka kokuqala. Ososayensi ezivela emhlabeni wonke, ukutadisha uqweqwe eMhlabeni, eqoqwe ulwazi mayelana nazo zonke izinhlobo izinguquko ezinkulu wake senzeka surface eMhlabeni. idatha okunjalo ihlelwa ngokulandelana kwezenzakalo kanye abizwa ngokuthi inkathi umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

Ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa

Ngesikhathi lapho ubuswa imfundiso yenkolo ka isenzo sikaNkulunkulu, okuyinto eyayihilelekile kumiswa Umhlaba, njengoba yayibizwa kanjalo wazizwa, kanye esemncane kakhulu kule planethi yethu futhi yonke (kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kwamiswa ngesikhathi esifanayo izinsuku ezimbili nje, eminyakeni engaba ngu-6000 edlule) . Lo mbono sivunyiwe ngokungenamibandela abantu lasendulo ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo sciences ngqo, ezifana ukufunda izinkanyezi, neyezinto zemvelo.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu abacabanga futhi izazi eziningi zasendulo, owaphila phakathi Renaissance, uzwakalise, umbono wakhe siqu ongokoqobo ngokubukeka kanjani kwamiswa Earth. Ngokusho ezizathwini kwabo okusekelwe yizinhlobonhlobo izinguquko ebusweni futhi ingaphakathi kule planethi, umlando khona iminyaka engaphezulu kakhulu kwengu-6000. ososayensi Modern ezivela emhlabeni wonke wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi umhlaba ekugcineni kwakhiwa iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane zezigidi ezine edlule. Kuthiwa kungebona bonke abavumelana nayo kulesi sitatimende, ngoba bakholelwa ukuthi lesi sibalo siphezulu kakhulu.

Umhlaba BC

Lo mqondo isikhathi waziwa ngokuba Bede - Benedictine indela. Wasebenzisa amazwi athi "Inkathi ezivamile" futhi "BC" e azibhala yakhe, bese 731, iningi lamazwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu baye bathuthela ikhalenda ne count. Lezi zinguquko futhi kwathinta kwezikhathi Geological, okuyinto zihlukaniswe isikhathi ezimbili ukungalingani. Eyokuqala, ingxenye endala, owayebusa iplanethi isikhathi eside kuneyesibili, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona ukuvela ukuthuthukiswa imvelo kusukela eziphilayo amancanyana kuya izilwandle ezinkulu.

Land BC sihlangabezane izinguquko isikhathi eside futhi okukhulu ukuze udale indoda yesimanje izimo zokuphila ezimenza azizwe atjhaphulukile. Yesikhathi eside izifundo uqweqwe eMhlabeni abahlinzeke ososayensi ithuba yakha umbono mayelana ukwakheka iplanethi yethu iyonke kanye nemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo.

Precambrian

ithebula Geochronological iqala ngamadijithi Eon Precambrian, obabukhona emhlabeni kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi 4.5 izigidi ezingu billion 600 edlule. Phakathi nale nkathi, kwakukhona kumiswa kwasekuqaleni ungqimba lomhlaba, futhi kamuva - amanzi nezwe. umsebenzi Volcanic iphutha kulo lonke Aeon.

Hadean

Nkathi uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi omunye izingxenye ezintathu ze-Precambrian. Mhlawumbe, ke akulona iqiniso ngoba Katarchean Eon has cishe lutho enibaziyo esasisandulele. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho kuwukubonakaliswa mlilo, kodwa kunalokho yayibuswa ehlane ebandayo surface eMhlabeni.

Usuku Katarchean Aeon kwaba amahora ayisithupha kuphela. Nkathi ngokuvamile kakhulu ephelezelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba, ahlelembe landscape. Khona-ke, endaweni umhlaba embozwe regolith - a esiyinhloko umpofu omnyama.

Archean

Umbhali eside ngo-1872, buye baba enye of American Scientists. Archaea zihluke Katarchean ukubukeka ukuguguleka komhlabathi kanye inqwaba hlobo lwezintaba-mlilo. Ezikhathini Eon Archaean, eyathatha iminyaka 2.5 billion, iplanethi yethu uqalile inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Nakuba emkhathini iye azikakwazi, khona kwabonakala amagciwane anaerobic, ekhona ukungabi oxygen. namaminerali ezinjalo zemvelo, ezifana nesibabule, insimbi, nickel futhi graphite kwamiswa ngenxa eziphilayo kuqala ophilayo.

Proterozoic

Eon imicimbi Geological ziphawulwe kumiswa okuthiwa ashisayo ukusonga Baikalian. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, baba amagquma ezincane. Rocks Proterozoic ayecebile e nsimbi nezinsimbi non-ayoni. Njengoba for kumiswa ukuphila, lokhu Aeon libhekene ukubukeka lenyama, isikhunta futhi ulwelwe. Ekupheleni kwe-Proterozoic crouches okuvela molluscs nezibungu.

Futhi, Proterozoic siqukethe kwenkathi ezintathu eside:

• ukuphela Paleoproterozoic ngaphansi kwesimo emakamu-mpilo we ezingeni lamanje.

• Phakathi Mesoproterozoic, esakhiwa Kalima, ectasia nezindonga, lafinyelela inani eliphakeme labamemezeli ulwelwe nama-bacterium. Kusukela nezinye er Proterozoic kuyahluka isikhathi kakhulu ngo okuyinto kakhulu zomhlaba ice-embozwe.

• Neoproterozoic kuhlanganisa izigaba ezintathu: protonium, cryogenic futhi Ediacaria. AD nezikhathi libhekene kumiswa izwekazi wokuqala - ekhaya, okuyinto ipuleti ngokushesha futhi sahlukana.

Phanerozoic

Lokhu Aeon usuphothuliwe lwezikhathi ezithinta ukuma komhlaba. isikhathi Phanerozoic elinesimo ukubukeka ecacile inqwaba yezinto eziphilayo ne amathambo amaminerali. Ngaphambi Proterozoic Eon ngokuthi ezifihliwe ngoba okufanele kuqhutshekiselwe phambili ngesikhathi sokuphila etholakele.

Esikhathini izinsuku Phanerozoic kwakukhona izenzakalo ezinkulu ezifana ukuqhuma eCambria (iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-540 edlule), kanye ukuqothulwa 5 ezinkulu izidalwa eziphilayo konke kuwo wonke umlando Zomhlaba.

Inkathi Eon Phanerozoic

Eyokuqala izingxenye ezintathu ze-Phanerozoic ubizwa ngokuthi Paleozoic. Yena kubhekwa inkathi yokuphila lasendulo futhi ihlukaniswe yaba izinyathelo eziyisikhombisa:

• eCambria libhekene ekwakhekeni sezulu esipholile. Ukulandelana kwezenzakalo ngokohlelo lwezikhathi Geological kwalesi sikhathi, uphawula khona kwanoma isiphi izinguquko landscape, esikhundleni, kuyinto ukuvela yesimanje nangezilwane eziphila kuzo.

• Ordovician. Ngalesi sikhathi, isimo sezulu esifudumele sandile kulo wonke, kuhlanganise ne-Antarctica. Futhi, kukhona okukhulu dive ezweni nesenzakalo zezinhlanzi.

• Silurian libhekene kumiswa kwezilwandle uma uya phakathi nezwe kanye Izimfunda ezingasogwini lwe-eyomile.

• Devon isikhathi esingokwemvelo nesenzakalo yehlathi kanye izilwane zasemhlabeni kuqala.

• carbon Lower kuyahluka oshaka kakhulu ukusabalala kanye Izinhlobo.

• Upper futhi Ephakathi Carboniferous.

• Perm - isikhathi lapho ukuqothulwa iphutha izilwane eminingi yasendulo.

Mezozoic - Phanerozoic Eon ingxenye yesibili okuyindawo ehlanganisa izinkathi ezintathu: i-Triassic, Jurassic kanye wokulinganisa. Le nkathi yesikhathi libhekene ukuvela, ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukuqothulwa izibankwakazi nezinyoni toothed. Mesozoic Ukuhlelwa kwezenzakalo Geological zibonakala yolwandle engajulile sahlanganisa insimu Western Melika futhi amazwe aseYurophu. Phakathi nale nkathi, izwe kwakheka lokuqala maple namahlathi e-oki.

Ingxenye yesithathu ye Phanerozoic Eon ubizwa ngokuthi Cenozoic, noma isikhathi ezincelisayo. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, enkathini entsha ekuphileni ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili:

• ephakeme. Kusukela kwesikhathi elinesimo sezulu esifudumele, ukuthuthukiswa ezidla nezilwane nezinselo ezivulekile, esigqoke futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukushabalala ezincelisayo lasendulo. Amahlathi ukusabalala kungenzeka planethi. Cishe abayizigidi ezingu-25 edlule kwakukhona uhlobo lwenkawu olungavamile. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, kule Pliocene, wabokuqala sekukhona.

• eziNgekho ngaPhansi kukaHulumeni Isigaba has yeqhwa ezine. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukunyamalala zilwane ezinkulu futhi ukuvela umphakathi wesintu. Ekupheleni kwe-ice age wesine, isimo sezulu usezuze ukubukeka kwayo kwamanje. Nge isigaba quaternary wamisa igunya lomuntu yonke le nsimu yayibona Zomhlaba, okuyinto ihlala kufika lesi sikhathi.