Sociology njengoba isayensi: iziqondiso eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa kanye mikhuba.

Umphakathi esiphila kuzo, kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi mayelana nenjongo yokuphila, ngezimbangela zokuziphendukela labo noma nakwezinye izihlobo futhi ga tetenhlalo letibalulekile. Sociology njengoba isayensi emphakathini, imithetho sokuthuthuka, umphakathi ubudlelwane nezikhungo nomphakathi buthelela imicabango nemibono zefilosofi, osopolitiki, othisha, ososayensi, abalobi namalungu amanye amagatsha ulwazi lwesayensi.

Sociology njengoba isayensi ihluke kwezinye social sciences, ukusetshenziswa izindlela zesayensi isifundo esiphathelene nomphakathi, isicelo abalulekile esiwusizo sokuba nezinto eziqondile ucwaningo lwezenhlalo ekusebenzeni nomphakathi.

ERussia, ithiyori ngqo lwezenhlalo waqala ukwakha kusukela maphakathi nekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Sociology njengoba isayensi eba bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene, okuyisisekelo izikole ngokwesayensi. Esikhathini ukuhlaziya umlando umphakathi, isakhiwo yayo, imininingwane ukuthuthukiswa lokuxhumana komphakathi, zezenhlalo ngokukhetha ezahlukene jikelele izindlela zesayensi: ukubalwa kwabantu, ngokwengqondo, iqembu, amasiko kanye nabanye.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi phakathi naso sonke isikhathi ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu isiRashiya, kwi ukwakheka imiqondo lwezenhlalo nemibono yathonya imisebenzi zezenhlalo Western. Lezi zihlanganisa umsunguli yokuhlalisana kwabantu Comté, owaqamba igama elithi "kwabantu", umqondo wegama elithi "uhlelo", babeka nezaba komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane zomlando. Ayikho ngaphansi enethonya for Russian kwabantu mibono yayingekhona Emile Durkheim, Max Weber. Futhi noKarla Marksa imibhalo babé siyinhloko amafilosofi zezombusazwe eRussia cishe semideyatiletnego inkathi yomlando. Nokho, singakhuluma nokuxhumana yokuhlalisana kwabantu Russian naseNtshonalanga. zezenhlalo Russian NY Danilevsky, NK St Michael, PL Lavrov, VI Lenin, GV Plekhanov, PA Sorokin negalelo elikhulu emhlabeni yokucabanga lwezenhlalo.

Ezinye zezindawo ezivamile kwabantu wefilosofi angawodwa nomphakathi. Kusekelwe ucinge imithetho jikelele yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Umcondvo lobalulekile lapho kuqhamuka abameleli Amathrendi ezahlukene ngaphakathi kwale ndawo (Spengler, Toynbee, N.Danilevky, Sorokin), umqondo wokuthobela omunye umuntu kwamasiko-zomlando izinhlobo imiphakathi, okuncike isiko ukulandelana kwamakhosi ezizwe ezihlukahlukene (isib, waseGibhithe, eBhabhiloni, ngesiGreki, Roman, amaMaya isiko, Russian laseSiberia, Slavic, abangamaJuda kanye nabanye). Ezinye zezenhlalo ukuphakamisa ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento nokuhlalisana eside ngamasiko okufanele athuthukiswe inkambo ngabanye.

Enye indlela yokuthuthuka kwabantu - Marxism - ihlanganisa theory conflictological, esekelwe umzabalazo kwezomnotho, le ngxabano ngemibono bezinhlanga ezahlukene emphakathini. Marxism njengoba bachaza Lenin nabasekeli bakhe wadlala indima juqu ekuthuthukiseni zomlando yeRussia.

Ngo entshonalanga kwabantu wema-neo-Marxism (eJalimane, iminyaka engu-30 ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili). I kuhlukaniswa yomuntu kusukela imibono imibono evamile ye kuphika, neo-Marxism e kwabantu wesimanje ehlola umqondo ka engenakwenzeka ukuqeda izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu ezenhlalo: emzabalazweni ngobuholi ezingokomoya, umbango ku ukuhanjiswa engenayo, okuyizinto kwezimbangela eziyinhloko ekukhuleni komphakathi.

kwabantu Modern njengoba isayensi ngenkuthalo esakhiwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa technocratic, zithandwa kakhulu kumibuthano entshonalanga lasezindlini lwezenhlalo. Omunye Amathrendi iyona kwembulunga yonke kwabantu yesimanje. Kwabiwa Net lemigqa European futhi American yentuthuko isayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu, ukuvela phakathi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ukuthi bazokwenza lokho nakuBafana ngosuku seodnyashny. izinkinga Human ophoqelelwe zezenhlalo ukujoyina amabutho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kusobala ukuthi isimiso kwemvelo nokunye Konfliktologichesky yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle unendawo emlandweni. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlanganiswa of nezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene lwezenhlalo ube isidingo umgomo ngokwesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu nentuthuko. Akungabazeki ukuthi ngokwesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu ukubaluleka sokuthuthukisa umphakathi wanamuhla okukhulu. It inomthelela umbono womphakathi, zezombusazwe izinqumo.

Ngo ukwakheka kwabantu yesimanje ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni amagatsha ahlukahlukene yolwazi lwezenhlalo: yokuhlalisana kwabantu abasha, yokuhlalisana kwabantu nezinhlangano, kwabantu yolwazi, yokuhlalisana kwabantu inkolo kanye nabanye.