Eyesibili umthetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto

Ngisho endulo liye waphawula ukushisa ukusatshalaliswa iphethini: ukushisa kungenzeka angesabi ukuhambisa kusuka emzimbeni evuthayo at lokushisa eliphakeme ukuze evuthayo kancane. Eyesibili umthetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto, echaza le nqubo kwatholakala zokucwaninga. Ngokokuqala ngqá it is evezwe yayo 1824 S. Carnot, unjiniyela isiFulentshi, ngubani ekhonjwe indlela futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo i-lomlilo emsebenzini ewusizo kule mishini yesikhathi. Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu XIX ngesisekelo usosayensi German Rudolf Clausius washayelwa umthetho, okuyinto manje okwaziwa ngokuthi umthetho wesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka. essence yayo wukuthi ukushisa akakaze idluliselwe umzimba evuthayo okuningi kokuncane evuthayo angesabi, ie ukudluliselwa ukushisa emzimbeni nge lokushisa eliphakeme kumele inxeshezelwa sangaphandle ugesi. Njengoba isibonelo, ifriji izinhlelo. Kamuva, uWilliam Thomson namanye ososayensi ukucacisa amazwi alo mthetho.

Lomgomo kumele aqondwe sekusakazeke nakakhulu kuka ekwelapheni Rudolf Clausius. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, ukusebenza ukuguqulwa ku ukushisa. It zingaba osikweni ukuhilizisana. Lapho lo msebenzi ihunyushwa ukushisa ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kwakho konke umzamo owengeziwe futhi isinxephezelo. Reconversion ngokwako engenakwenzeka. Ukuguqula yokushisa okuholela ku umsebenzi - kuba inqubo yokufakelwa, okungukuthi, ezidinga, izimo ezikhethekile eyayenziwe wahlela.

Ngokuvamile, umthetho wesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka, zavela izimiso nesiqondiso ukugeleza kwezinqubo ezingokwemvelo. Kokuqhubeka kuwo, zingachazwa ngezinqubo ekuqhubeni Inani lamadivayisi. Ngakho, ukushisa izinjini usebenza nge umehluko lokushisa ngawo ukushisa idluliswe kusukela ashisayo kuzingxenye abandayo - kusukela teplootdatchika eyisa echibini ukushisa. Kulokhu, kahle zedivayisi akukwazi amaphesenti ayikhulu. Okungukuthi, hhayi yonke ukushisa is ibe umsebenzi, kodwa kuphela ingxenye yayo. Lokhu kungase ngokwengxenye achaza yokuthi ukwakha ezinyakazayo umshini esiphakade (yesibili-oda) ungaphakathi isimiso engenakwenzeka. Ngamanye amazwi, ungalokothi usungula kudivayisi ukuthi kwakuyoba ukuwugcina ngokuphelele futhi ngaphandle kwesinxephezeli baphendula ukushisa ku umsebenzi. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okungenhla, ososayensi R. Clausius futhi W. Thompson ezikhonjwe ekwakhiweni yesibili umthetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto. Okokuqala, angesabi ukufudumeza Awukwazi ukuhambisa kusuka ukushisa kancane imizimba ukufudumala; okwesibili, akuzona zonke ukushisa uqondiswa teplootdatchika eyisa echibini ukushisa, ingena umsebenzi ewusizo, kodwa kunalokho kuphela ingxenye yayo. Kukhona futhi ukwakhiwa eziningana efanayo, okuyinto ngokuvamile ibonisa okungenhla. Ukuhambisa teploperedatchika eyisa echibini ukushisa, amandla ingabe usekhona, ngakho umthetho ukulondolozwa amandla Imininingwane akuyona ngokuphambene nomthetho wesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka. Kuchazwa yasungulwa ososayensi eziningana futhi siqukethe amaphuzu amaningana eyinhloko, zazo kuxoxwa ngazo kulesi sihloko.

Izinqubo ezihlobene energy conversion, ungakwazi ngokuzenzekelayo ageleze kuphela uma uma amandla ifomu kanzulu endaweni abahlakazekile bengaba lidlule. Omunye amakhono ezibaluleke kakhulu umuntu azalwa nalo lokuhlaziya kokubili abantu kanye uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, imvelo - ikhono wehlise entropy. Igama elithi yokugcina isho isilinganiso nenani ukushisa kunani lokushisa, uhlobo ngesilinganiso isiphithiphithi lihlotshaniswa ukulahlekelwa ikhono uhlelo ukwenza umsebenzi othize; lapho beshintsha ivolumu kohlelo noma amandla ayo entropy incipha.

Ngo-1865, R. Clausius ekugcineni washayelwa umthetho wesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka. Entropy, nge ncazelo yayo, luyanda lapho evaliwe uhlelo nonequilibrium kwenzeke izinqubo nokuguqulwa.

Umthetho wesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka abangaphansi okuthiwa isimiso imibhoshongo emvelweni; e kwalokho, - umthombo uMthetho Lindemann, echaza izimiso nokusakazwa amandla ku-ecosystem. Ubhekisela owodwa pointedness (transience) okwenzeka ubunjalo izinqubo nokuguqulwa. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, amandla is ibe ukushisa nokufudumala is adluliselwe ku-cooler kusuka umzimba evuthayo, okuholela zokulinganiswa lokushisa ezingeni eliphansi, imiphumela okuyinto ukumisa zonke izinhlobo amafomu motion, futhi m. N. "Ukushisa ukufa". Uma ukukhuluma ulimi ecacile nelula, ngokuyisisekelo umthetho wesibili wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kuyinto: zonke, izinqubo zemvelo nokuguqulwa ukuqeda izinxushunxushu nokwehliswa. Lokhu kungenziwa kuboniswa yilesi sibonelo esilandelayo: uma indlu iminyaka eminingi baphelelwe aphethe, sizoqala kancane kancane ukunqabela, nciphisa.