NgesiGreki Euclid sezibalo: Biography usosayensi, amaqiniso ovulekile futhi ezithakazelisayo

Sikunikeza ukuba simazi nge sezibalo esikhulu njengoba Euclid. Biography, isifinyezo umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko futhi amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngalesi usosayensi ethulwa kule athikili. Euclid (iminyaka yokuphila - 365-300 BC ..) - sezibalo, ebhekisela enkathini Hellenic. Wayesebenza e Alexandria ngaphansi uPtolemy mina Soter. Kukhona izinguqulo ezimbili eyinhloko wazalwa lapho. Ngokusho ngowokuqala - e-Athens, ngokusho yesibili - eThire (Syria).

Biography of Euclid: Managing

Mayelana ukuphila kwalesi usosayensi waziwa okungaka. Kukhona umlayezo okungokukaNkulunkulu Pappa Alexandria. Wayeyisibonelo sezibalo owaphila nengxenye 2 3 AD leminyaka. Waphawula ukuthi sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo usosayensi Iwoma nemnene ngayo yonke labo ngandlela-thile akwazi neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni walabo noma neminye imikhakha yesayensi zezibalo.

Kukhona legend ukuthi wathi Archimedes. uhlamvu Its main - Euclid. Umlando Omfushane izingane ngokuvamile kuhilela legend, njengoba kuba curious kakhulu futhi zingakwazi ukukhiqiza isithakazelo izibalo ngesikhathi abafundi abasha. Lithi King uPtolemy babefuna ukufundelwa geometry. Nokho, kwathi-ke akulula ukukwenza. Khona-ke inkosi yabiza isazi Euclid, bambuza ukuthi kukhona indlela elula ukuba baqonde isayensi. Kodwa Euclid waphendula ukuthi ayikho indlela bobukhosi geometry. Ngakho-ke kuyinto isisho isibe ezinamaphiko, beza kithi ngesimo-legends.

Ekuqaleni 3 ekhulwini BC. e. Afike wasungula khona iSikhungo Alexandria Museum and Library of Alexandria Euclid. Biography emfushane nokwatholakala yakhe ezihlobene nalezi izikhungo ezimbili, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi izikhungo zokuqeqesha.

Euclid - umfundi kaPlato

Lokhu usosayensi odabule uPlato Academy esekelwe (isithombe sakhe lapha ngenzansi). Wafunda umcondvo lobalulekile lesi sazi zefilosofi, owawungumnyaka yokuthi kukhona emhlabeni ehlukene imibono. Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi Euclid, ogama Umlando womuntu ophilako ncishana ngemininingwane Kwakuwusuku ifilosofi Platonist. Lokhu usosayensi isethaphu kwaqinisa ukuqonda ukuthi konke wadala futhi kuchazwe nguye yakhe "Principia," has ukuba khona kwento phakade.

Sinesithakazelo wayecabangisisa owazalwa eminyakeni 205 ngemva Pythagoras, e-'63 - Platon, 33 - Eudoxus, 19 - U-Aristotle. Wahlangana ngemisebenzi yabo zefilosofi zezibalo noma ngokuzimela noma ngokusebenzisa abaxhumanisi.

Ukuxhumana "Imisuka" of Euclid ngemisebenzi ezinye izazi

Proclus, isazi sefilosofi-Platonist (iminyaka yokuphila - 412-485), amazwana author "ekuqaleni", wasikisela ukuba kulo msebenzi ibonisa Cosmology kaPlato no "imfundiso Pythagorean ...". Ekutadisheni kwakhe Euclid echaza imfundiso yokuziphendukela esigabeni segolide (izincwadi 2nd, 6th futhi 13) futhi polyhedra njalo (Book 13). Njengoba umsekeli Platonism, usosayensi waqaphela ukuthi "Ukuqala" yakhe ibe nomthelela ekubeni Cosmology kaPlato no imibono akhiwa amandulela, we ngokuvumelana zezinombolo ephawula yonke.

Akekho noyedwa Proclus baziswa ukudla okuqinile kaPlato futhi esigabeni segolide. Iogann Kepler (iminyaka yokuphila - 1571-1630) unesithakazelo kubo. Lokhu sezinkanyezi German kuqashelwe ukuthi i-geometry has amagugu ezimbili - iyona isilinganiso golden (division of ucezu phakathi futhi ubuhlobo kude) kanye theorem kaPythagoras. Inani lokugcina aye kuqhathaniswa igolide, futhi owokuqala - ne elinqabileyo. Iogann Kepler wasebenzisa eziqinile kaPlato kudalwa hypothesis yakhe Cosmological.

Ukubaluleka "usuqala"

Incwadi "Qala" - umsebenti loyinhloko, okuyinto adalwe Euclid. Biography of lokhu usosayensi, yebo, waphawula futhi eminye imisebenzi, okuyinto thina ukuchaza kamuva esihlokweni. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umsebenzi ngokuthi "Qala", okuyinto ebekwe wonke amaqiniso esibalulekile izibalo theory kanye nama-geometry, futhi ihlanganiswe ngu ezazingaphambi kwayo. Omunye wabo - sikaHippocrates saseChios, isazi sezibalo owaphila 5th ekhulwini BC. e. Theudas (uhhafu 2nd kwekhulu lesi-4 BC. E.) Futhi Leontes (kwekhulu lesi-4 BC. E.) Futhi wabhala incwadi ngegama lale. Nokho, nge obhekwe Euclidean "Ngaqala" zonke lezi imisebenzi yayenziwa zinganakiwe ukusetshenziswa. incwadi Euclid kwakuyisipho incwadi eyinhloko okwakufundiswa ngayo ku-geometry iminyaka engaphezu ayizinkulungwane 2 iminyaka. Usosayensi nokuvulwa kwamathuba omsebenzi wakhe, usebenzisa eziningi impumelelo amandulela. Euclid uye kusetshenzwe futhi kuhlanganiswe ukwaziswa okutholakalayo futhi impahla baletha ndawonye.

Encwadini yakhe ethi, umlobi asonga ukuthuthukiswa wezibalo eGrisi lasendulo futhi idale isisekelo esiqinile okutholakele olwengeziwe. Lona ukubaluleka komsebenzi Euclid esiyinhloko ezweni ngefilosofi, izibalo, futhi zonke wonke umkhakha wezesayensi. Kungaba yiphutha ukukholelwa ukuthi ukuqinisa nezimfihlakalo kaPlato no Pythagoras e psevdomirozdanii yabo.

Ososayensi abaningi baye basikisela le "ekuqaleni" kokuphila Euclid, kuhlanganise no-Albert Einstein. Waphawula ukuthi lokhu kuyinto umkhiqizo ezimangalisayo wanika umqondo womuntu ukuba ukuzethemba ezidingekile umsebenzi oqhubekayo. Einstein wathi umuntu engesiyo bayahlonishwa ebusheni bakhe elale ndalo engazalwanga ucwaningo theory.

indlela axiomatic

On inothi ahlukene ukubaluleka komsebenzi usosayensi sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo ukubonakaliswa okhazimulayo indlela axiomatic e "Principia" yakhe. Le ndlela e nesifundo sezibalo zanamuhla yikona okusemqoka kakhulu ka naleyo esetshenziswa ukuze kuthethelelwe mbono. Ngo Mechanics, ibuye kabanzi. Usosayensi omkhulu Newton esakhile "Izimiso Zemvelo Philosophy" imodeli yezemisebenzi wadala Euclid.

Biography zisithakazelise umbhali selichaza amalungiselelo main umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko.

Izinhlinzeko oyinhloko 'ekuqaleni "

Encwadini "Izimiso" ebekwe ehlelekile geometry Euclidean. Imifula yakhona Ukudidiyela kusekelwe imiqondo ezifana indiza, iqonde, iphuzu, ukunyakaza. Ubudlelwano ezisetshenziswa kuwo, lokhu okulandelayo: "iphuzu esisogwini umugqa oqondile ungephansi kwemandla indiza" futhi "iphuzu itholakala phakathi kwezinye amaphuzu amabili."

System izinhlinzeko zoMthetho geometry Euclidean, okwethulwa isethulo yesimanje, ngokuvamile baba ngamaqembu 5 axioms: ezinyakazayo, ukuze, embili, futhi inhlanganisela yalokhu okucishe kufane nalokhu Euclid.

Lezi zincwadi nantathu we "ekuqaleni" Ososayensi obubekwe ngaphambili futhi izibalo, stereometry, planimetry, ubuhlobo Eudoxus. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isethulo kulo msebenzi ngokuqinile deductively. Inchazelo iqala zonke izincwadi Euclid, futhi owokuqala babo balandela axioms futhi postulates. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona iziphakamiso ku sokuhlukanisa imisebenzi (lakufanele khona nalapho kuvumelana ukuthi iyiphi ukwakha) futhi Theorem (lapho kufakazisa lutho).

Ukungabi wezibalo of Euclid

I ethile eyinhloko ukuthi lokhu usosayensi axiomatic sintula ukuphelela. Ayikho Axiom motion, lenqubekela phambili kanye nokusebenza ukuze. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi ngokuvamile kudingeke ukuba sincike iso, ukusetshenziswa umuzwa. 14 Izincwadi futhi 15 - a anezele yamuva esengeziwe emsebenzini, umlobi zazo - Euclid. Umlando wakhe has kuphela esifushane kakhulu, ngakho ngeke ukwazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi izincwadi zokuqala 13 zidalwe oyedwa noma ziwumphumela umsebenzi lilonke esikoleni, eyayiholwa usosayensi othile.

ukuqhubeka isayensi

Ukuvela Euclidean geometry lihlotshaniswa okuvela izethulo okubonakalayo kwezwe elisizungezile (imisebe yokukhanya, welula intambo njengoba umfanekiso imigqa eqondile nokunye. N.). Bona ijula nakakhulu, ukuze kwakukhona ukuqonda abstract ngaphezulu kwale sayensi, njengoba i-geometry. N. I. Lobachevsky (iminyaka yokuphila - 1792-1856) - sezibalo Russian owenze ukutholakala ezibalulekile. Waphawula ukuthi kukhona i-geometry ukuthi ihlukile Euclidean. Kuye kwakushintsha imibono yososayensi wezwakala ngomkhathi. Kwavela ukuthi awayona priori. Ngamanye amazwi, izibalo zama-engela ezibekwe "Imisuka" of Euclid, ayikwazi kubhekwe kuphela uchaza izakhiwo isikhala elisizungezile. ukuthuthukiswa yesayensi yemvelo (ikakhulukazi nesayensi yemvelo) kwembula ukuthi ichaza isakhiwo kuphela ukunemba ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, asikwazi isetshenziswa isikhala lonke iyonke. geometry Euclidean - lena indlela kuqala ukuqonda incazelo yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu.

By the way, Lobachevsky isiphetho sasidabukisa. Wayengahlezi wamukela emhlabeni yesayensi ukuthi bacabangani kwakwakhiwa. Nokho, umzabalazo usosayensi akubanga yize. Ukunqoba imibono enikeziwe Lobachevsky, Gauss, ogama ukuxhumana lishicilelwe kule minyaka 1860. Phakathi izinhlamvu kwakukhona Izibuyekezo rave mayelana usosayensi Lobachevsky geometry.

Okunye usebenza Euclid

isithakazelo Omkhulu esikhathini sethu biography of Euclid njengoba ososayensi. Esifundweni sezibalo, wenza ezibaluleke. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi kusukela 1482 "ekuqaleni" ncwadi izincwadi abangaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu ngezilimi ezahlukene. Nokho, biography of sezibalo Euclid ephawulwe hhayi kuphela ekudalweni yale ncwadi. Ungumnikazi eziningi imisebenzi ku yokukhanya, ukufunda izinkanyezi, logic, umculo. Omunye wabo - incwadi "Idatha", echaza izimo ezenza kube kungenzeka ukuba acabangele "ukuze" lokhu noma lokhuya isithombe sezibalo maximal. Okunye usebenza Euclid - bhuku ku yokukhanya, equkethe ulwazi mayelana esizayo. Sinesithakazelo usosayensi wabhala indaba futhi catoptrics (wabeka kulo msebenzi imfundiso yokuziphendukela Ukuhlanekezelwa zingaveli esibukweni). Akwaziwa futhi incwadi Euclid ngokuthi "division of izibalo." Umsebenzi izibalo "I iziphetho zamanga", ngeshwa, akazange ngasinda.

Ngakho, Wahlangana ososayensi kangaka njengoba Euclid. Umlando Omfushane kuye, ngethemba, kube lusizo kakhulu kuwe.