Bacillus subtilis: incazelo emfushane

Phakathi amagciwane kakhulu ezivamile emvelweni, osebenza kuleli gciwane. Hay imbewu eletha wayechazwa ngo-1835. Lesi sihloko okuvela lesi silwanyana ukuthi ekuqaleni yayo behlukene pereprelogo hay. Ngo-laboratory endaweni uphawu esitsheni hay abiliswe ketshezi bese ngiqhutshwa izinsuku ezimbili noma ezintathu. Ngemva leli fomu amakoloni Bacillus subtilis. Yaqala kanjalo-ke ukutadishwa ukusabalala kwamagciwane.

cwaningo

Ngo isayensi kukhona elithi - "imodeli umzimba". Lapho abameleli imvelo zikhethwa nokutadisha okunzulu izinqubo, izakhiwo, ngoba ucwaningo lwesayensi. Isibonelo esimangalisayo - ciliate-izicathulo, okuyinto ajwayelekile kithi eklasini biology.

Bacillus subtilis - njengoba umzimba imodeli. Ngenxa wakhe kahle ifundelwe spore kwetinhlavu Bacillus. Nanguya imodeli sokuqonda mshini flagella webhaktheriya, wadlala indima ethile ebhayisikobho isifundo yezakhi zofuzo.

Ososayensi baye esichithwa ukutshala Bacillus subtilis ucwaningo eduze izimo isisindo ngokutadisha ushintsho labantu genomes. Futhi izilokazane ezincane ezisetshenziswa ekuhloleni isikhala ultraviolet ithonya ngemisebe, amakhono oluhambelana kuye eziphilayo izilwane zasendle. On isibonelo ukutadisha kungenzeka hay imbewu eletha amagciwane abahlala nemibandela kwamanye amaplanethi esimisweni sonozungezilanga (manje uyazinaka xaxa Mars).

izici emfushane

amagciwane Hay imbewu eletha kukhona ukuma uqonde futhi side laphetha ekupheleni blunt, ngokuvamile kungekho nto enemibala emihle. ubukhulu esijwayelekile - 0.6 microns, nobude amabanga - 8.3 microns. Ngaphansi kwalezi nemingcele, hay imbewu eletha ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu engenzeka ukucabangela ngisho ukuthatha isithombe, ngokusebenzisa ezobuchwepheshe zanamuhla. Bacillus mobile sibonga flagella yabo. Zikhula phezu kwengqamuzana, futhi lokhu kungabonakala izithombe.

ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo

Hay imbewu eletha ngokwesiko isibaluli amagciwane inhlabathi. Wabe uthola on the amaqabunga izitshalo, izithelo, imifino. Nokho, kwenzeka emoyeni ngothuli, e i osebenzelana aqueous. Ngisho umgamu microflora emathunjini ezilwaneni nakubantu. Kutfutfukisa okushisa +5 ukuze +45 degrees Celsius (ngokufanele - esifundeni 30).

Bacillus subtilis. ukukhiqizwa kabusha

Njengezinye amagciwane liphindaphindeke ukwahlukana okulula amaseli (longitudinal). New eziphilayo akhiwa ngenxa enjalo ukwahlukana nengxenye, ngokuvamile ukuhlala uxhumekile bodwa ngentambo. compounds ezinjalo akachazeki kalula izithombe.

Bacillus subtilis spore wangaphambili eyakhona. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba basinde kule kwenzeka kwezimo ezingezinhle ukuphila. Bacillus sporulation iqala, iseli okuqukethwe litholwa isakhiwo amabele. Ezinye okusanhlamvu, ngokuvamile in the ephakathi okuyingxenye, liqala ukuphakama, embozwe igobolondo kanzima. Nokho, kukhona ukubhujiswa original cell ulwelwesi. Inqubo usuphothuliwe kowamanqamu edonsa imvelo bangaphandle ezinhlamvu isici. Noma yiziphi amaseli emva division azigcina ikhono lawo kwetinhlavu ezinhlamvu, eminingi yayo umumo oyindilinga noma okusaqanda. Abasakwazi amelana izici zangaphandle nokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa - ngokwesibonelo, zingamelana ukushisa lamadigri 100 Celsius. Akumangalisi ukuthi amagciwane savela izingxabano umile futhi ikghono avela kuphela subsequent zukulwane we silwanyana.

It feeds imbewu eletha hay

Lokhu bacterium saprophytes, ke odla izinto ezifile. Njengoba heterotrophs, Bacillus subtilis ayikwazi umqondo kusuka izinto wezinto ezidingekile ukudla okwakha umzimba. Ngoba isebenzisa organic, ukuthi kwatholwa ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Kule uveza carbon ezidingekile amandla exchange.

The main amandla umthombo imvelaphi yemifino kukhona polysaccharides (isitashi) nesilwane (glycogen). Ngo inqubo esikhiqiza amino acid, amavithamini, ama-enzyme-antibiotic ehlukahlukene esebenzisa zamagama.

Ukusebenzelana nezinye izinto eziphilayo

Lokhu kungaba ukucindezela ukuthuthukiswa imbewu eletha-pathogenic kanye kunemibandela pathogenic amagciwane: Salmonella ne Streptococcus, Staphylococcus nezinye "izinambuzane". Ngokwesibonelo, izizukulwane eziningi ezidla ukuthuthukisa reflex ukudla uhlobo oluthile izitshalo. Futhi le ndlela akagcini umzimba amavithamini, kodwa kunomthelela yokuthi ukuthola ezinhlamvu Bacillus subtilis, okuyinto kungalimaza pathogenic zinhlobo microflora, okwandisa ngesikhathi amasosha omzimba efanayo.

Nokho, lokhu imbewu eletha kungaba ngukudla lenyama. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuqaleni eziwukudla lingase libukeke kanje: Bacillus subtilis - ciliate-izicathulo - uhlobo oluthile silwanyana - inhlanzi - abantu.

pathogenicity

Ngokusho ngeengaba ezahlukene, lokhu imbewu eletha akuyona pathogenic ngesintu nangeplanethi izilwane. It uhlanganyela inqubo ukudla ukugaya, ahlahlele amaprotheni kanye carbohydrate, nobunzima kanye Amagciwane emathunjini, isikhumba ezincelisayo. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi phakathi amagciwane, okuyizinto, isibonelo, amanxeba abantu kuhlale subtilis Bacillus. Uveza enzyme ukuthi sokudiliza izicubu efile, futhi imithi elwa namagciwane ukuthi zivimbela nezilwanyana ezincane pathogenic, abe nomthelela kunangonyaka kokubili imithi anti-iguliswa. It is neshaya ngu isayensi: i suppresses igciwane kanye nokuthuthukiswa ezithwala izifo phakathi nezinqubo kuhlinzwa.

Nokho, Kodwa, futhi wazi ngemiphumela emibi imbewu eletha: kungadala njengemithi yokungezwani komzimba nokuthile, okuyinto kubonakala amawala emzimbeni; ngezinye izikhathi kubangela ukudla okunobuthi sebephuze izingilazi ukudla, ezilimele imisebenzi esibalulekile lesi silwanyana; Ingabangela amagciwane abangela isifo samehlo umuntu.