Kwakubaluleke kangakanani kokusungulwa microscope? Umlando kokusungulwa microscope

Isibonakhulu ngokuthi idivayisi esiyingqayizivele yakhelwe ukwandisa microimages balinganise ubukhulu bezinto noma zokwakheka kwesakhiwo njengoba kubonakala ngemehlo. Lesi senzakalo muhle kakhulu, futhi kokusungulwa microscope kubaluleke kakhulu kakhulu, ngoba ngaphandle kwalo besingeke sibe khona kwezinye izindawo besayensi yanamuhla. Futhi lapha kabanzi.

Isibonakhulu - ezihlobene kudivayisi isibonakude ukuthi isetshenziselwa ehluke ngokuphelele. Nge kungenzeka kwenze izinto cabanga isakhiwo lezinto ukuthi ayibonakali iso. It ikuvumela ukuba ukuchaza morphological imingcele microformations, kanye ukuhlola umthamo wabo indawo. Ngoba kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi okwakubaluleke kokusungulwa ngesibonakhulu, nokuthi abathintekayo ukubukeka ukuthuthukiswa yesayensi.

Umlando we-microscope futhi yokukhanya

Namuhla kunzima ukusho owasungula microscope kuqala. Mhlawumbe, le nkinga nayo izofakwa kabanzi okuxoxwe, kanye kudalwa CROSSBOW. Nokho, ngokungafani kuya izikhali, kokusungulwa microscope ngempela kwenzeka e-Europe. Futhi ngubani ncamashi ayikaziwa. Amathuba idivayisi yiphayona Hans Jansen, okuyinhloko-Dutch ukwenziwa izibuko, impela high. Indodana yakhe, u Zahariem Yansenom, isitatimende senziwe 1590, yena uyise esakhiwe ngesibonakhulu.

Kodwa ngo-1609, kwaba khona omunye indlela owadala uGalileo Galilei. Wayibiza ngokuthi occhiolino futhi wethulwa emphakathini Accademia dei Lincei. Ubufakazi bokuthi ngesikhathi lingasetshenziswa lapho kubhekiselwe isibonakhulu kuwuphawu phezu ukuphrinta uPapa Urban III. Kukholakala ukuthi ukuguqulwa isithombe etholwe luhlolo ezincane. isibonakhulu Khanyisa (esiyinhlanganisela) uGalileo Galilei lalinabashumayeli eyodwa convex kanye eyodwa lens ngilugweda.

Ngcono kanye nokuqaliswa in umkhuba

iminyaka Kakade emva 10 uGalileo Cornelis Drebbel okusungulile kudala isibonakhulu esiyinhlanganisela kokuba lens amabili convex. Futhi kamuva, okungukuthi, ngo-ekupheleni 1600s, Christian Huygens wazakhela ezimbili lens uhlelo eyepiece. Basuke kukhiqizwa futhi manje, yize abanalo ebubanzini isibuyekezo. Kodwa, okubaluleke kakhulu, ngosizo ngesibonakhulu in 1665 ngu-Robert uHooke cwaningo nocezu se-oki owawuse, lapho usosayensi wabona iseli okuthiwa. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi ukuhlola kwaba ukwethulwa "ingqamuzana" umqondo.

Omunye ubaba ngesibonakhulu - Antoni Van Levenguk - nje kabusha ayisungula, kodwa uye wakwazi zidonse ukunaka kwanoma izazi zezinto eziphilayo kudivayisi. Bese kuba sobala lokho okushiwo kokusungulwa microscope ngesayensi, ngoba kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa i-microbiology. Mhlawumbe, wathi kudivayisi kakhulu yashesha ukuthuthukiswa kanye nesayensi, inqobo nje uma abantu wangabona amagciwane, naye wayekholelwa ukuthi kuphakama izifo kusukela okungekuhle. Futhi isayensi wabusa nomqondo alchemy futhi imfundiso vitalistic bokuba khona abaphilayo isizukulwane nokuguqulwa zokuphila.

isibonakhulu Leeuwenhoek

Ukusungulwa kwe-microscope umcimbi eyingqayizivele isayensi Ephakathi, ngoba sibonga idivayisi akwazi ukuthola eziningi izinto ezintsha ingxoxo ngokwesayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibono eminingi abanye baquleka ngenxa microscope. Futhi le mpumelelo enkulu by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Wakwazi ngcono microscope ukuze ikuvumela ukubona amaseli ngokuningiliziwe. Futhi uma ukucabangela, kulo mongo, ukuthi ngempela lowo unguyise Leeuwenhoek isibonakhulu yalolu hlobo.

isakhiwo kudivayisi

Microscope ukukhanya kakhulu Leeuwenhoek kwaba ungcwecwe ngengxube lens ngezibonakhulu ezingakhulisa izinto Okubukwe ngokuphindaphindiwe. Lolu qwembe ne lens kwadingeka tripod. Ngaye, kwathiwa ogibele itafula ovundlile. Ukuqondisa lens ukukhanyisa futhi uhlala phakathi kwaso yikhandlela ukuhlolwa impahla, kwakunokwenzeka ukubona amaseli virus. Lapho izinto ezibonakalayo zize kuqala lapho Antoni Van Levenguk uphenyo kwaba uqweqwe. Kuyo usosayensi ngabona izidalwa eziningi ezidinga aze bahluleka.

Ohlukile iziteleka isibonakhulu Leeuwenhoek. Iyatholakala uma imodeli ingxenye akukuniki high quality izithombe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona lens amabili anda kuphela zamehlo. Ngoba kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-150, kuze nangezibonakhulu kwakwakhe, ekuqaleni lakhiwa kukaGalileo Drebbel, banikeza okufanayo ikhwalithi yesithombe njengoba Leeuwenhoek kudivayisi. Ngokwakhe Antoni Van Levenguk Namanje hhayi kubhekwe uyise ngesibonakhulu, kodwa ngakwesokudla kuyinto master wavuma of microscopy materials bomdabu namaseli.

Ukusungulwa kanye nekwentiwa ncono lens

Wona kanye umqondo welithi lens esase sikhona kakade eRoma lasendulo bese kuba iGrisi. Ngokwesibonelo, eGreece esebenzisa izibuko ayizindunduma wakwazi nibase umlilo. Futhi eRoma, siye eside waphawula izakhiwo imithambo ingilazi wawugcwalisa ngamanzi. Bona ikuvumela ukwandisa isithombe, izikhathi nakuba ababaningi. ukuqhubeka lens akwaziwa, nakuba kusobala ukuthi inqubekela phambili phansi kabaze baba lakho ukuma.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngekhulu le-16, Venice isibe umkhuba ukusetshenziswa izibuko ezaziwayo. Ubufakazi lokhu amaqiniso mayelana nokuba khona imishini ukugaya ingilazi, okuyinto bavunyelwe ukuthola lens. Futhi, kwakukhona imidwebo amadivayisi optical akha ngezibuko nezingodo ze-lenses. Zabhalwa misebenzi kungokwalabo uLeonardo da Vinci. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba lokho abantu basebenze ngesibona-khulu: e 1268 Rodzher Bekon ukubeka phambili umbono yokudala isibonakude. Kamuva waqalwa.

Kusobala ukuthi umbhali lens ingeyona ubani. Kodwa siyenzeka kuze kufike leso sikhathi njengoba yokukhanya kungukuthi wahlanganyela Karl Fridrih Tseys. Ngo-1847 eqala lapho kuvezwa microscopes. Khona-ke, inkampani yakhe ayizange ibe umholi ekuthuthukiseni izibuko optical. It likhona kuze kube yilolu suku, seloku umkhakha main. Sibambisane nabagcini-ke zonke izinkampani ezikhiqiza amakhamera camcorders, isibhamu izikophu, ububanzi uzitholele, izibonakude namanye amadivayisi.

Ukuthuthukisa microscopy

Umlando kokusungulwa microscope Kugcizelela ne cwaningo yayo enemininingwane. Kodwa akukho kancane ezithakazelisayo ngumlando eminye sithuthuka microscopy. Saqala ukuba avele entsha izinhlobo nangezibonakhulu futhi umcabango ngokwesayensi, okudala kubo, bajule. Manje injongo umsebenzi uJesu akabanga nje cwaningo kwamagciwane, kodwa futhi ngokucabangela izingxenye ezincane. Onymi-molecule futhi ama-athomu. Kakade ekhulwini le-19 bakwazi ukuhlola izindlela-X-ray ukuhlaziywa. Kodwa isayensi afune okwengeziwe.

Ngakho, kakade 1863, umhloli wamazwe uHenry Clifton Sorby polarizing isibonakhulu lakhiwe ekutadisheni emkhathini. Futhi-1863, u-Ernst Abbe ithuthukiswe imfundiso yokuziphendukela microscope. Kuye kuthathwe ngempumelelo phezu ukukhiqizwa noKarla Tseysa. inkampani yakhe ngokusebenzisa le uye athuthukiswe eqashelwayo umkhakha umholi amadivayisi we-optical.

Kodwa ngokushesha kwafika ngo-1931 - ukudalwa ngesibonakhulu electron. Waba uhlobo olusha kudivayisi, okuvumela ukuba ubone okuningi kuka ukukhanya. Ayisebenzi izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya ukuze-X-ray kanye namaza okukhanya, futhi ama-electron - lapho izinhlayiyana ezincane kuno-athomu kakhulu elula. Kwaba kokusungulwa microscope elekthronikhi sivunyelwa ukuba siqhubeke Histology. Manje ososayensi sebeyiqonda siqiniseka ngokugcwele ukuthi imibono yabo mayelana cell kanye organelles wayo elungile ngempela. Nokho, kuphela ngo-1986, ungumdali microscope electron Ernst Ruska waklonyeliswa uMklomelo KaNobel. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kakade 1938, Dzheyms Hiller yakha ngesibonakhulu ukudluliswa electron.

Izinhlobo New nangezibonakhulu

Isayensi, phela impumelelo ososayensi abaningi ethuthuka ngokushesha. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi inhloso nje isuke ibangelwa amaqiniso amasha, kwaba nesidingo sokwakha ngesibonakhulu zibe nezinzwa ezibukhali. Futhi kakade ngo-1936, u-Erwin Müller ekhiqizwa ensimini kudivayisi ekushayweni. Futhi ngo-1951, yathela kwenye idivayisi - ngesibonakhulu ensimini ion. , Ngoba isikhathi esivunyelwe ososayensi kwalo kubaluleke kakhulu kuqala ukubona ama-athomu. Futhi ngaphezu kwalokho ngo-1955, Jerzy Nomarski eba izisekelo ezincwadini umehluko ukuphazamiseka Ngokuphambene microscopy.

Ukuthuthukisa nangezibonakhulu entsha

Ukusungulwa kwe-microscope akayena impumelelo, ngoba ion amandla noma izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya idlule endaweni yemvelo, bese aphathe isithombe, isimiso, akunzima. Nakhu nje ukwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yokubandula microscopy kwakubaluleke ngempela. Ngemva kwalezi iziphetho ososayensi baye wadala kwendiza mass analyzer, ngokuthi ukuskena ion ngesibonakhulu.

Le divayisi ikuvumela ukuba ihlole athomu asithathwa kanye ukuthola ulwazi mayelana nesakhiwo ngakuthathu engqamuzaneni. Kanye ukuhlaziywa-X-ray , le ndlela ngeke kakhulu zisheshise inqubo ukuhlonza izinto eziningi ezitholakala emvelweni. Futhi ngo-1981, kwathiwa owasungulwa ukuskena mhubhe ngesibonakhulu, futhi ngo-1986 - amandla athomu. 1988 - unyaka kokusungulwa ukuskena electrochemical isibonakhulu Umhubhe. Futhi yakamuva futhi ewusizo kakhulu iyona Kelvin Uphenyo amandla. Lwakhiwe ngo-1991.

Ukulinganisa esithinta umhlaba wonke isibonakhulu okusungulile

Kusukela 1665, lapho Leeuwenhoek wahlanganyela ingilazi ukucutshungulwa nokukhiqizwa nangezibonakhulu, imboni uye savela futhi babe more xaka. Futhi ngizibuza ngokubaluleka kokusungulwa ngesibonakhulu, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele main impumelelo microscopy. Ngakho, le ndlela bavunyelwe cabanga yezinyoni owawungumnyaka elilandelayo umfutho biology zentuthuko. Idivayisi wabe esenikwa ithuba ukuqonda cell organelles, okwenza kube lula zakha iseli isakhiwo.

Khona-microscope avunyelwe ukubona engqamuzaneni kanye athomu, futhi kamuva abacwaningi bakwazi scan evele yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusebenzisa isibonakhulu, ungabona ngisho amafu electron-atom amancanyana. Njengoba ama-electron ngesivinini yokukhanya emhlabeni core, cabanga ke lokhu kuyizinhlayiyana akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, kubalulekile ukuba ukuqonda okushiwo kokusungulwa kwe-microscope. It enikeziwe ithuba ukubona into entsha ukuthi asikwazi ukubona ngeso. Kuba izinto ezimangalisayo, ukutadisha okuyinto ulilethele indoda impumelelo yesimanje kwi-physics, i-chemistry nemithi. Futhi kuwufanele wonke umsebenzi.