I chemical formula glycerol. Ifomula kwesakhiwo yamangqamuzana

Indlela elula utshwala polyhydric, lapho kunamaqembu amathathu OH, - glycerol. Le formula for zezakhi yalolu hlobo jikelele, - CnH2n - 1 (OH) 3. Ukuze uqonde kangcono izakhiwo kanye ukusetshenziswa kwe glycerin futhi homologues yayo, cabanga ezihlukahlukene compounds of amafomula, ngamunye esetshenziswa ezimweni ezithile.

Ukwahlukanisa futhi ngesilwane esifuywayo of glycerols

Organic-chemistry alcohols - kukhona izinto ethathwe hydrocarbon. Ingxenye ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ye-hydrogen e-molecule singena esikhundleni esisodwa noma ngaphezulu amaqembu hydroxy. Alcohols zingafani inani lamaqembu OH (mono-, thini, polyhydric). Amalungu engezansi ikilasi kuma-athomu e-carbon kusuka 1 kuya 12 - izinto ketshezi, ephakeme - ukudla okuqinile. Alkantrioly, noma glycerol - a alcohols trihydric eliqukethe e yayo hydroxyl Ukwakheka ezintathu ezihlobene kuya kuma-atom ezintathu ezahlukene carbon. Compounds fanele kuze lo xuku abonise izakhiwo amphoteric, ngenxa ithonya mutual amaqembu hydroxy kanye olukhulu.

Indlela elula alkantriolov omele - 1,2,3-propanetriol (emagama lafanako - glycerin). Formula izidakamizwa - C ₃ H ₈ O _3. ngesilwane esifuywayo izinhlelo kuhilela ngegama we alkane elihambisana ngegama elithi "triol", ukusetshenziswa zesi-Arabhu, belinganisa isikhundla eqenjini OH. Ezibalelwa amangqamuzana ukuba homologs ka glycerol kusukela eliseduze ekupheleni hydroxyl chain. Okungenzeka izinhlobo isomeric isakhiwo yochungechunge carbon, isikhundla amaqembu hydroxy optical.

Kuvulwa glycerol

wemithi Swedish Karl Scheele e 1779 okokuqala wathola kwenziwe into entsha syrupy kusukela saponification kwamafutha. iminyaka engu-33 kamuva lo engumFulentshi M. Chevreul okuthiwa sweet glycerin ketshezi.

Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali Peluso elisungulwe 1836. neqhaza elikhulu esivumelwaneni Ukutadisha isakhiwo esakhiwe Berthelot (1854) kanye Wurtz (1857), uyaqhubeka ukuphenya glycerol. ifomula yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo ne uhlobo lenkhulu avunyelwe ukuba baphathe glycerin ukuze kukhawulwe utshwala.

Isidingo glycerol sekukhule kakhulu kusukela 1847, lapho kwavulwa ester nitric. Swedish unjiniyela A. KaNobel ngo-1875 wakwazi ukuthola ngokusebenzisa glycerine iziqhumane - dynamite.

Ukwakheka, isakhiwo kanye aphansi glycerol ifomula

Ukwakheka zokucathula ndaba irekhodi kuvumelana kweqiniso, futhi okwedlulele ifomula enokwehla ka glycerol - C ₃ H ₈ O _3. I chain carbon has ama-athomu amathathu, ngalinye elikwazi lihlotshaniswa iqembu hydroxy. izimpawu Chemical selisho izinto eziqukethwe ama-athomu: C - carbon, O - oksijini, H - hydrogen. Ukwakheka glycerol kubonise amafomula ezahlukene (yamangqamuzana, kwesakhiwo). Kabanzi ngaso encwadini eyinsiza-we ketshezi futhi sharosterzhnevye iphethini hemispherical. izakhiwo ezimbili-ntathu ngakuthathu akudala esebenzisa ikhompyutha ukumodeliswa - umfanekiso kwezendawo molecule glycerol. Bavumela ngeso lengqondo isakhiwo, isikhundla isihlobo kanye nebanga, isibopho engela phakathi ama-athomu.

mass yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo ne izinyo lomhlathi of glycerol

Ngefomula yamangqamuzana zingatholakala futhi mass izinyo lomhlathi, iphesenti izakhi izinto. Ukuze izibalo ezidingekayo ukusebenzisa amagugu uquqaba athomu izakhi ezisohlwini ishadi lesikhathi. Ifomula enokwehla ka glycerol: C ₃ H ₅ (OH) _3. Ngu siphindaphindeka isisindo yama-athomu (endaweni. E. M.) Of element ngayinye enombolweni-athomu, kulandele kwalokho lamanani etholwe uzothola yamangqamuzana (Mr) kanye izinyo lomhlathi (M) uyaca. Ukuze uhlobo ukubalisa kube lula ukusebenzisa glycerol ifomula okwedlulele - C ₃ H ₈ O _3.

• Ar (H) = 1.00794; kuma-athomu e e-molecule ye - 8.
• Ar (C) = 12.0107; Ama-athomu omoya - 3.
• Ar (G) = 15,9994; Ama-athomu omoya - 3.
• Mr (C ₃ H ₈ O _{3) = 12.0107 * 3 + 1.00794} * 8 + 15.9994 * 3 = 92.09382 kanye. e. m.
• M (C ₃ H ₈ O ₃₎ = 92.09382 g / Mol /
• Amaphesenti izakhi izinto molecule: H - 8,756% S - 39,125% O - 52,119%.

I enengqondo futhi ifomula isakhi glycerol

Ukwakheka ndaba futhi kwama-molecule ayo abonisa ifomula enengqondo futhi okwedlulele, kodwa ungabonisi ilungiselelo ukuzulazula kwama-athomu okuyinto kuyahluka glycerol. Ifomula kanye imodeli kwesakhiwo ikhompyutha ezifaneleke kangcono ukutadisha isakhiwo engqamuzaneni, ubuhlobo phakathi ama-athomu.

• Ifomula okunengqondo glycerol - C ₃ H ₅ (OH) _3. Kusukela Ukwakheka yezinhlayiya ezikhonjwe ngafaka kubakaki amaqembu obusebenzayo OH. Ngokushesha ngemva abakaki lokuvala kubonisa isibalo amaqembu hydroxyl e-molecule.
• Polurazvernuty umbono ifomula okunengqondo - Hoch ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ OH (glycerol).
• Formula Bezakhiwe imidwebo ebonisa indawo engqamuzaneni. Odeshi phakathi ama-athomu amelela izibopho zamakhemikhali.
• Lewis isakhiwo yakhiwa amachashazi emelela electron Valence nemibhangqwana iqhaza e isibopho kumiswa.

Ezinye izinhlobo molecule isithombe luthathe isikhala esiningi, kaningi zisebenzisa ifomula esifushanisiwe, isib, Hoch ₂ -CHOH-CH ₂ OH, futhi isakhiwo lwamathambo:

Ama-athomu omoya Isimo e-molecule glyceryl

Hydroxyl - kuyizinhlayiyana polar, ngaphandle-mpilo has a pair waziwa electron. Ukuba khona amaqembu amathathu hydroxyl kuholela nokwehlukana ngokwengeziwe O-H. Ama-athomu omoya-Carbon livela icala esinqunyiwe "+" lula esikhundleni nucleophilic ka hydroxyl. Izici of ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo, okutshengisa ifomula isakhi glycerin, ziqinisekiswa izakhiwo ketshezi. Le ngxube libhekene eziningi hydrogen izibopho - izibopho ababuthakathaka ngaphezulu. Glycerol possesses evelele acid izakhiwo, njengoba kuqhathaniswa ethanol futhi propanol. Phakathi ezinkulu ukukhathazeka amagama ahlobene of glycerol trioleate. ifomula:

• elula - C ₅₇ H ₁₀₄ O _6;
• polurazvernutaya okunengqondo - (C ₁₇ H ₃₃ COO) ₃ C ₃ H _5;
• izakhi okunengqondo ne kwesakhiwo lwamathambo -

ukubukeka glycerol

Ekamelweni lokushisa, 1,2,3-propanetriol - kungekho nto enemibala emihle noma ogodweni ketshezi ophuzi, ayinaphunga bumnandi. Eqina liyancibilika ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi glycerin ezingeni lokushisa 17,8 ° C. Abilayo izidakamizwa kulandele ukuhwamuka uqala at 290 ° C. Glycerol kancane ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho amanzi, ukuminyana yayo ukubala ku-20 ° C kuveza a ukubaluleka 1,2604 g / cm3.

Properties of 1,2,3-propanetriol

Chemical formula glycerol alinikezi imininingwane mayelana nohlobo enkompolo amphoteric. izakhiwo engaqinile esidi eziyisisekelo izinto ezihlobene ithonya izici zama-athomu engqamuzaneni, le nokwehlukana eqenjini G-H. Ephambi kwezinduna glycerol is wasithukuthelela i alikhali hydroxide, ithusi (II), etholakala blue anemibala eziyinkimbinkimbi (omunye ukusabela qualitative). Nge acid of glycerol ukuphendula iphela kumiswa esters. Benziwa ugologo trihydric nge nitric acid ebukhoneni H ₂ SO ₄ (Conc.) Eliholela kumiswa nitroglycerin.

Ekhaya, kusukela amafutha kanye amafutha usebenzisa glycerol, ETHYL utshwala nezinye izithako kuba insipho lelungiselelwe. Inqubo ukupheka kudinga ngokucophelela Ukushisa mass ku a okugeza amanzi, indlela yokudala ukukhethwa izingxenye nomumo insipho okwenza umkhiqizo usulungile.

Glycerin nemikhiqizo yalo asetshenziswa enamels, upende, imithi eminingi, zokugeza. Iqukethe Sweetener ezihlukahlukene ukudla, kuhlanganise ngezimpahla nezitini. igama yomhlaba wonke Sweetener kanye isithokela confections - E422. Ekanye nabanye alcohols, futhi okunamafutha acid esters, glycerin kubhekwa njengongase abe esikhundleni fuel ezithathwa kuyi-petroleum. izindlela engabizi yokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezintsha biodiesel uphethiloli izimoto uzoguqula emkhakheni wezokuthutha global. Thuthukisa isimo kwemvelo emnothweni wezwe ukunciphisa ukuncika uwoyela negesi.