ISIBONELO observation kwezibalo. kwezibalo inhlangano zokuqapha

Emphakathini wanamuhla, ukuphathwa kwezomnotho ngeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kwesayensi ebalulekile njengezibalo. Lesi siyalo samakhulu eminyaka sidlala indima edingekayo futhi ephumelelayo kunoma yimuphi umbuso. Futhi izinga kanye nesigaba sokuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe akuzange kubalulekile.

Labo datha eqoqwe izibalo, futhi kuze kube yilolu suku basebenzisa kabanzi uhulumeni, njengoba bekhomba ohlangothini olulinganisako lwezimo ezinkulu ezikhona emphakathini.

Incazelo yesikhathi

Igama elithi "izibalo" linenani elilinganiselwe futhi linamakhono amaningi. Kuze kube manje, kunezincazelo ezihlukene eziyinkulungwane zaleli gama. Akuzona izazi zefilosofi kuphela, kodwa futhi nezomnotho, izibalo, izazi zezenhlalo kanye nezomphakathi bazama ukuchaza isayensi enjalo njengezibalo.

Lona kanye igama elisho lesi siyalo livela "kwisimo" sesiLatini. Ekuhunyushweni, kusho "isimo esithile sezinto." Nokho, namuhla igama elithi "izibalo" lingasetshenziswa ngezincazelo ezihlukahlukene. Lezi yizi:

- Imisebenzi ewusizo yokuqoqa, inqubo eqhubekayo nokuhlaziywa kwedatha ekhombisa isiko nezomnotho, inani labantu kanye nemfundo, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi zokuphila komphakathi;

- isiyalo sezemfundo esifakwe ezinhlelweni zokuqeqesha abaphathi, abahwebi kanye nezomnotho ezingeni eliphakeme;

- isayensi ehlola izici ezithinta izigaba ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kombuso.

Umlando wokuvela kwesiyalo nokuthuthukiswa kwawo

Imvelaphi yezibalo zenzeka ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngisho nalapho, abantu babedinga ukubala inani labantu, impahla, umhlaba, imfuyo, njll.

Ukwaziswa okuqala ngemisebenzi enjalo kungokwekhulu le-5 BC. E. Baboshwa eChina. Ukubika ngezakhamuzi zamahhala ngobudala nobulili kwenziwa eRoma lasendulo. Ezweni lasendulo, zonke izizukulwane zazifakiwe ohlwini olukhethekile. I-akhawunti ehlukile yathathwa ngamadoda enkathi yempi yezempi. Izinhlu zomhlaba zahlanganiswa, kufaka phakathi idatha ezakhiweni nasezigqila, ekufakweni kwemali kanye nemali engenayo.

Ngo-1061, ukubalwa kwabantu okuqala kwaqhutshwa eNgilandi. Amakhaya ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi amane ahlolwe ukuqoqa idatha. Kukhona ulwazi mayelana nokubalwa kwabantu ekhulwini le-13. AmaKhanshi aseMongolia. Babedinga idatha ukuqoqa intela emazweni aseRussia abanjwe.

Emakhulwini eminyaka alandela, izibalo zaqhubeka zithuthukiswa futhi ngekhulu le-17. Uthole ukukhuluma kwalo ngesiyalo sesayense. Kwakusekelwe ezikoleni ezimbili. Eyokuqala yalezi ziNgisi, ezisebenzisa izibalo zezepolitiki. Isikole sesibili isiJalimane, esasikhathazekile ngokuchaza izimo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Isayensi ithola isiqondiso sayo sesithathu - izibalo kanye nezibalo, okuhlongozwa ngumcwaningi waseBelgium u-Adolf Quetelet.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Lesi siyalo saqala ukusebenzisa inkolelo yamathuba. Izindlela zakhe zavunyelwa ukuqhuba ucwaningo lwezenhlalo mayelana nesidingo somthengi kanye nemfanelo yomkhiqizo, kanye nesilinganiso sokuphila kwezakhamuzi.

Ukubheka izibalo eziqhubekayo kwenziwa phakathi neminyaka yamandla aseSoviet. Bavumela ukubona isithombe sonke somnotho kazwelonke ophuthumayo wesizwe. Umsebenzi wezibalo awuzange umise ngisho nangesikhathi sempi ne-fascist eJalimane. Ngalesi sikhathi sezwe kwakukhona isidingo sokubala izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nemisebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi mayelana nokuhamba kwamandla okukhiqiza ezindaweni ezimpumalanga kwakubaluleke kakhulu.

Umsebenzi osebenzayo wezibalo wenziwa ngenkathi yangemva kwempi, uyaqhubeka nanamuhla. Ngaphandle kwalesi sayensi, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kazwelonke kazwelonke kanye nayo yonke imikhakha yayo yomphakathi ngeke kwenzeke.

Inhlangano yedatha yokuthola idatha

Izingxenye zezibalo ziyi:

- izikhungo zezibalo zikahulumeni kanye nomasipala;

- Izibalo ezingavumelekile nezizimele;

- ukubika komnyango.

Inhlangano yokuhlola izibalo iqala ngeminyango neminyango yesifunda. Umsebenzi wabo ulawulwa ikomidi lesimiso sezihloko ze-federation. Bona, nabo, bangaphansi kweKomiti Yezibalo Zase-Russia.

Imibiko yoMnyango ihlanganiswa ngamabhizinisi nezinhlangano zensimu ethile yomsebenzi. Isibonelo, izibalo zamabhange, amasiko, njll.

Ucwaningo lomkhiqizo

Ukubonwa kwezibalo ze-Federal kuhlanganisa:

- izinkomba zezinga le-macroeconomic;

Idatha yedatha;

- izibalo ezisezingeni lokuphila kanye nenhlalo yomphakathi;

- Ukuqhathaniswa kwamazwe ngamazwe nangaphandle.

Idatha yezinkomba zokubheka izibalo ishicilelwe ngendlela yamanothi okuhlaziya kanye namaqoqo, ukwazisa ulwazi kanye namakhompiyutha.

Izigaba zocwaningo lwezibalo

Ukuqoqwa nokubhaliswa kwedatha yangempela yendawo ethile yokuphila komphakathi kwenziwa ngokuya kwesinye isu. Kunezinyathelo ezihlukene zokuqapha izibalo. Futhi ngamunye wabo usebenzisa izindlela zakhe siqu.

Ukuqala kokubona izibalo kuqala kuphi? Izibalo zifika ukusebenza ngemuva kokuba inkinga ibhalwe ngokucacile. Kunqunywa ukucabangela injongo yocwaningo kanye nomqondo wolwazi oludinga ukutadisha.

Izinyathelo eziqhutshwayo zokubheka izibalo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokutadisha kokuqala kwesabelo somsebenzi. Le dokhumenti ilungiswe ikhasimende ngokucwaninga kwesikhathi esizayo. Imigomo yereferensi ichaza:

- bafunde izinto;

- ukucabanga okukhona nokucabanga okudinga ukuqinisekiswa noma ukuguqula;

- inqubekela phambili yocwaningo;

- imibono yokubona.

Ngokusekelwe emibhalweni yesithenjwa, isakhiwo sombiko wokuhlaziya esizayo sithuthukisiwe , kanye nesimiso sokubheka izibalo, okuluhlu lwezici zezinto okufanele zibhaliswe, noma imibuzo lapho izimpendulo ezinokwethenjelwa kufanele zitholwe khona. Isibonelo sohlelo olunjalo singasebenza njengombuzo wemibuzo osetshenziselwa ukubalwa kwabantu.

Esikhathini esilandelayo, ulwazi luqoqwa. Indlela yokuqhuba ibuye ilandelwe uhlelo lokubheka izibalo. Khona-ke isethi yedatha ihlanganiswa futhi ihlanganiswe ngokuvumelana nezici ezihlukahlukene. Kuphela emva kwalokho lonke ulwazi olutholiwe luhambisana nokuhlaziywa. Lesi yisigaba esilandelayo sokubheka izibalo, usebenzisa izinkomba, izinombolo kanye nezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe, njll Ukuqedwa kombiko nokuhlinzekwa kwawo kumakhasimende kuqedela umsebenzi wabo.

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukubhekwa kwezibalo, ukuqoqwa kwedatha ehlelwe ngokwesayense, ngokuyinhloko kunquma ukuthembeka kweziphetho ezithathwe esigabeni sokugcina. Yingakho ukuthola ulwazi lwangempela kungumsebenzi omkhulu wezibalo.

Ukuqoqwa kwedatha

Ulwazi oludingekayo kulolu cwaningo lungase lube oluyisisekelo noma lwesibili. Uhlobo lokuqala lwedatha lubandakanya lezo ezingatholakali ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwesabelo sobuchwepheshe. Imininingwane yesibili isivele itholakale. Itholwe ekuqaleni uma wenza enye imisebenzi.

Isibonelo sokubheka izibalo ekuqoqweni kwedatha eyinhloko yimibuzo yemibuzo yeziguli ezibhedlela zezokwelapha, ingxoxo yenkinga ethize emhlanganweni, ukuthola izimpendulo ezivela kwabathengisi bezitolo, njalo njalo.

Ukuthola ulwazi lwesibili ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa "ilabhulali" noma "ihhovisi". Futhi ngokuqoqwa kwabo, imithombo yangaphakathi nangaphandle ingabandakanyeka. Uyini umehluko wabo?

Isibonelo sokubheka izibalo usebenzisa imithombo yangaphakathi yangaphakathi uhlelo lokusebenza:

- uhlelo lwolwazi lwenhlangano;

- idatha evela ezifundweni zangaphambilini;

- Imibiko ebhaliwe yabasebenzi.

Idatha yesibili yangaphandle itholakala kusuka:

- imibiko yezigungu zezibalo;

- database ye-electronic;

- abezindaba mass;

- Imibiko yezinhlangano zobuchwepheshe, izinhlangano zokuthengisa, njll.

Izindlela zokuqoqwa kwedatha

Ukubhaliswa okuyisisekelo kolwazi oludingekile kocwaningo kwenziwa kanjani? Kunezindlela ezilandelayo zokubheka izibalo: okuqondile kanye nedokhumenti, inhlolovo, kanye nokuhlolwa.

Owokuqala kubo uyenziwa ekubhalisweni kwalabo noma amanye amaqiniso ngumcwaningi ngokwakhe. Isibonelo sokubheka ngokuqondile ukutadisha ukuqina komgwaqo womgibeli ngamamitha afakiwe ngokukhethekile.

Indlela yokuqoqwa kolwazi lwamadokhumenti ihlose ukusebenzisana namakhadi okusungula, amaphephandaba e-accounting , njll.

Ukuhlola okunjalo okubalwa kwezibalo, njengokuhlola, kuhilela ukuthola ulwazi emazwini omphenduli okhethiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuvota kuyahlukaniswa:

- imibuzo, uma ummangalelwa ephendula imibuzo ngokubhala;

- Umlobi, lapho ulwazi olunikezwa khona ngabokubhalisa ngokuzithandela;

- ngomlomo, lapho izibalo zicwaninga futhi zirekhode emafomu izimpendulo zomlomo izakhamuzi.

Muva nje, amafomu ahlukahlukene asebenzisanayo ocwaningo avele futhi asevele asakazwa kabanzi . Isibonelo salokhu kungaba izimpendulo zabaphenduli ngefoni, kwi-Inthanethi noma nge-imeyili.

Amafomu okuqoqwa kwedatha

Izindlela zokubheka izibalo kufanele zibe nokulungiswa kwesayense. Umsebenzi ohleliwe ohlelekile uzothola ucwaningo ngokuhluleka. Amaphutha okubheka izibalo azokwenza izigaba ezilandelayo zokubika zingenakwenzeka. Lesi sici kumele sikhumbule. Ngempela, ukuze uthole impendulo efanele emibutweni ebuzwayo, kubalulekile ukucabangela konke okwenzekayo.

ERussia, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokubonwa kwezibalo ze-federal. Owokuqala ubika ngokwayo. Njengomthetho, isebenzisa izibalo zomnotho kazwelonke. Ifomu lesibili ukuhlolisiswa ngokukhethekile. Ithola isicelo sayo ekuhlaziyweni kwezinqubo ezifundwayo kanye nezimo.

Isibonelo sokubheka izibalo esimweni sokuqala ukuthola amarekhodi aqukethe ulwazi oludingekayo ezivela ezinhlanganweni ezihlukene, amapulazi, izikhungo, njll. Lonke ulwazi oludluliselwayo lusekelwe ekutheni imininingwane yokubalwa kwezimali noma yokusebenza kwamabhizinisi. Ukwaziswa okunjalo kungaqoqwa isikhathi esithile futhi kungenziwa kumbiko wansuku zonke, we-decadal, wenyanga, wekota, wonyaka noma waminyaka yonke.

Ukubheka izibalo zombuso kuqhutshwa ngendlela yesibili. Lokhu kungenxa yezifundo ezihlukahlukene ezihlola izici ezihlukahlukene zokuphila komphakathi nezenzakalo zemvelo. Idatha enjalo ayitholakali ekubikeni kwamabhizinisi. Isibonelo esicacile sokubheka izibalo ngesimo esinjalo ukubalwa kwabantu. Izibalo eziwusizo zaseRussia ziqhuba ngokuphathelene nezinsiza ezibonakalayo, inani labantu, imishini engaxhunyiwe, izindawo zokuhlala, ukwakhiwa okungapheli, njll.

Ikhibhodi esetshenzisiwe

Yonke imisebenzi ekuboneni izibalo isekelwe emafomu akhethekile. Lona ithuluzi lokuqala lokucwaninga. Owesibili yiziqondiso ezisemthethweni zokugcwalisa imibiko kanye namafomu adingekayo.

Ithuluzi elinjalo lokubheka izibalo, njengefomu, yimibuzo yemibuzo, imibuzo yemibuzo, njll. Kulezi zindlela ziphrintiwe imibuzo echazwe yikhasimende esabelweni lobuchwepheshe. Ngamafomu afanayo afakwa futhi lonke ulwazi oluqoqwe. Leli fomu libukeka kanjani? Engxenyeni engenhla yayo kukhona izimpawu zokukhomba. Ngakwesokunxele kwekhasi ngalinye kunemibuzo yokubuka izibalo, futhi ngakwesokudla - indawo yezimpendulo kubo.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamafomu okubuka. Owokuqala umdlalo wekhadi. Yenzelwe ukuchaza into eyodwa kuphela yokubona. Ifomu lesibili lefomu kuhlu. Ibika ukubonwa ezintweni eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlelo lwakhiwe kanjani kanye nefomu, ukuhlolwa kwezibalo zesifundazwe akunakwenziwa ngaphandle kwemithetho. Le dokhumenti iqukethe zonke izincazelo zemigomo yereferensi, kanye nezibonelo ezithile kanye nesiqondiso ezindabeni ezihlobene. Imfundo iyincwajana ehlukile noma iphrintiwe ngokuqondile ngesimo sefomu.

Izinhlobo zokubheka izibalo

Ukukhetha okulungile indlela yokuqoqa ulwazi oludingekile kubalulekile kwisisombululo esiphumelele somsebenzi. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokubheka izibalo ezihluke ngesikhathi nokufakwa kwamanunithi wabantu.

Ngakho, ulwazi lungaqoqwa ngokuqhubekayo, njengoba kwenzeka kwenzeka noma kwenzeka. Ukubheka okunjalo kwezibalo kuyamanje. Ziqhutshwa ngokusebenzisa lezo zincwadi eziyinhloko eziqukethe ulwazi oludingekayo. Ihhovisi Lezokubhalisa Zomphakathi yisibonelo sendlela enjalo. Lo mzimba uqoqa lonke ulwazi mayelana nezinguquko ezithinta abantu. Ngenxa yesimo sezenhlalo zomphakathi, izifundo zingenziwa ngokuzalwa nokufa, emishadweni, njalonjalo.

Ukubonwa kwezibalo ngezikhathi ezithile kunikezwe isikhathi esithile. Yisebenzise ngezikhathi ezithile. Isibonelo salokho kubona ukubalwa kwabantu, kanye nokuzimisela kwezinga lentengo yezimpahla zenethiwekhi yokuhweba yokudayisa.

Ucwaningo lwezibalo lungenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile, ngaphandle kwesikhashana. Kulesi simo babizwa ngokuthi isikhathi esisodwa. Isibonelo sokubheka okunjalo kungaba i-akhawunti eyodwa-off yamaqembu emidlalo yaseshashalazini ehlelwe abafundi.

Idatha yesitatimende ingahlukaniswa ngokulandelana kwamanunithi wabantu. Kulesi sisekelo, ukubuka okuqhubekayo kukhishwa. Ekuqaleni igxile kokurekhoda izici zenani elikhulu lamayunithi. Inqubo enjalo isenza sithole ulwazi olwanele oluthembekile mayelana nento esaphansi kokucwaninga. Isibonelo sokuqapha okuqhubekayo ukubalwa kwabantu.

Amayunithi ngabanye abantu angabuye ahlolwe. Kulesi simo, ukubhekwa kwezibalo kuzophela. Futhi, ihlukaniswe yizi-subspecies ezilandelayo:

- isampuli, okuyinto ukukhethwa kwengxenye yocwaningo labantu (isibonelo ukuhlolwa kombono womphakathi);

- i-main array, uma leyo ngxenye yezinyunithi zabantu ihlolwe, okubambe iqhaza kulo mcimbi ohloliswe yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke (ngokwesibonelo, ukucwaninga okuvelele emadolobheni anabantu abayizigidi);

- ukuhlolwa kwe-monographic, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona imininingwane eyodwa kuphela (isibonelo, umndeni phakathi nesifundo sesabelomali sokuqala).

Yikuphi uhlobo lokubona okungcono? Ukubili ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo nokungaphelele kunezinzuzo nezinkinga. Kufanele zicatshangelwe uma ukhetha inqubo yezibalo.

Ngakho, ukubhekwa okuqhubekayo:

- ngenxa yokufakwa kwazo zonke izingxenye ze-aggregate inikeza idatha enembile kakhulu;

- kuthatha isikhathi esiningi futhi kudinga imali eyengeziwe;

- akukwazi njalo ukumboza zonke izakhi zesethi ethile;

- Ngokujwayelekile isikhathi sokucubungula semiphumela etholakalayo, esingathinta ukutholakala kokuthola.

Ngokuqondene nokuqaphela okuphelele, kungukuthi:

- kuyingozi ukuthi ingxenye efundwayo ayiyikumelela ngokunembile yonke isethi;

- uyakwazi ukulahlekelwa lokho noma ezinye izimpawu eziphawulekayo ezizofaka amaphutha okubheka izibalo.

Ukulawula kolwazi olutholiwe

Ngezinye izikhathi e idatha test, kukhona ezinye ukungafani phakathi kwe langempela futhi inani elilinganisiwe eziguquguqukayo wafunda. Lokhu kungaba iphutha:

1. Ukubhaliswa. Lokhu efanele kulezi zakhiwo Imininingwane elibukhali (ezimweni eziningi imali ayikweletayo). Ngokwesibonelo, ukushelela esibayeni ekulungiseleleni kwemibhalo saya ehhovisi lokubhalisa.
2. Representativeness. Lezi amaphutha zenzeka lapho phakathi ucwaningo okuqhubekayo likhishiwe ingxenye ezimele wonke ezimbi.
3. Okungahleliwe. Lokhu kuyiphutha elafika ngaphansi kwethonya ukukhathala, inattention, nezinye izinto. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqopha ayilungile irekhodi-umgcini.
4. Ehlelekile. amaphutha okunjalo kungaholela i underestimation noma overestimation nemingcele wafunda. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqoqa amagugu eligcina 0 noma 5.

Ukuze ulawule amaphutha izindlela ezimbili lisetshenziswe izibalo. Eyokuqala wabo - logic. Luhilela ukusetshenziswa uchungechunge ubudlelwano eliphezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ingane eminyakeni 8 ubudala asikwazi ukuba izingane zakhe.

It is lisetshenziswe izibalo izibalo izinkomba control. Isebenzisa ubuhlobo bobukhulu ngaphakathi kwezinombolo amagugu. Isibonelo: Bala = Bala 4 3 - Bala 1 + Bala 2.