Izinhlobo observation. Izinhlobo futhi izinhlobo zokuqapha kwezibalo

Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko, uzofunda yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukene, izinhlobo nezindlela observation. Kuyinto umbuzo kwesabelo zabo izibalo. Thina ninikeza siqale ngokucabangela izinhlobo kokuma ezisetshenziswa kuleli legatsha yolwazi. Isidingo ukhetha inketho iqoqo idatha kunqunywa ukuthi kukhona izinhlobo eziningana zokuqapha. Ziyahlukahluka kakhulu endleleni lapho amaqiniso ziyabhekelelwa ngesikhathi. Kule ngombono, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo kokuma: i ehlelekile, gqwa eyisamba.

The ehlelekile, gqwa yesikhathi esisodwa ukubhekwa

observation izinhlelo, okuyinto eyenziwa njalo futhi njengoba kunezinkomba zokuthi kwezinhloso zenzuzo mkhuba ngokuthi zamanje. Kusekelwe equkethe ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze umuntu kwebalingisi sasivumela ephelele lomkhuba kwemibhalo eyinhloko.

ukuqapha Periodic hlelo luqhutshwa ngezikhathi ezithile njalo. Njengoba isibonelo, ukubalwa kwabantu labantu.

Uma okwashiwo Kwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile, akukho PERIODICITY esiqinile, noma kungaba eyodwa-off, kuba observation yesikhathi esisodwa.

ukuqapha Discontinuous futhi okuqhubekayo

Izinhlobo ubufakazi izibalo abelwe esekelwe ulwazi umehluko ngokuya Ukusabalala egcwele labantu. Hlukanisa kulokhu, discontinuous futhi okuqhubekayo. I last ibizwa ngokuthi, okuyinto uyakucabangela wonke amayunithi sabantu target ngaphandle kokukhetha. Nokho, akufaneleki njalo futhi kungenzeka inhlangano yakhe, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ukulawula izinga. ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kuleli cala kuholela yokuthi kwenkululeko ukusetshenziswa amabhizinisi ekukhiqizweni ezikhishiwe. Ngenxa yalokho, kubalulekile ukuba afeze esinqunyiwe (discontinuous) observation. Ucabangela kuphela ingxenye labantu amayunithi futhi kunikeza umbono walokho lomkhuba iyonke, izici zalo ehlukile.

Eqhubeka amafomu, izinhlobo nezindlela observation, siphawula ukuthi okwashiwo okungezona okuqhubekayo has izinzuzo ezilandelayo:

1) kudinga ingasaphathwa ukuxhumana izindleko kanye zabasebenzi njengoba kuqhathaniswa okuqinile, ngoba kunciphisa inani inhlolovo amayunithi;

2) ukuqoqa idatha ku kungenzeka uhlelo ebanzi futhi esikhathini esifushane ukuze evulekile ngokugcwele imikhawulo isethi ikakhulukazi oyithandayo kithi ndawonye ukuze afeze ucwaningo ngokujulile ke;

3) idatha observation asetshenziselwa ukulawula izinto discontinuous Wabhalwa okuqhubekayo;

4) lolu hlobo kufanele limele (omele).

Ukukhethwa amayunithi observation lapho noncontinuous

observation Discontinuous ngamakhasimende e-ethize engxenyeni amayunithi, okuvumela ukuthola izici ezinzile kuvame sabantu sisonke ngokucacile. Umkhuba izibalo, izinhlobo ezahlukene izindlela observation. Izinga discontinuous Yiqiniso, kunabayeni imiphumela eyatholakala nge okuqhubekayo. Noma kunjalo, kwezinye izimo, kungase kuphela observation okungezona okuqhubekayo.

Amayunithi ukuthi kufanele kubhekwe akhethiwe ngendlela yokuthi, okusekelwe imininingwane eyaqoqwa esiqhingini nabo ukwenza umqondo ilungelo mayelana izenzakalo ezithakazelisayo iyonke. Ngenxa yalokho, esinye sezici eziyinhloko observation discontinuous wukuthi sebuningini Ukukhetha amayunithi ihlelwe ngezindlela ezilandelayo:

- monographic;

- umzimba omkhulu;

- izibonelo zalokho;

- lemibuzo.

Indlela umzimba omkhulu

Ukukhethwa isethi ethile amayunithi, okuyinto linqobe sici ifundelwe kuhilela indlela amalungu afanayo main. Nokho, it is hhayi kaningi lisetshenziswe lapho isicelo ukubukeka discontinuous nendlela bekubona lokhu akusho lakhetsiwe nje labo izinto ukuthi bamele abantu wonkana, zonke izingxenye zawo ukunikeza. Ukukhethwa nge umzimba omkhulu yenziwa lapho kuthathwe eziphawuleka kakhulu, sesisonke ngobukhulu eyandile ngesisekelo the wafunda e isisindo sabo ingqikithi.

isampula inhlolovo

Ukuze uthole sebuningini isici lonke ingxenye amayunithi yayo, usebenzisa observation abakhethayo, okuyinto sisekelwe eenkambisweni isampula. Kulesi samuntu, ubunjalo ongacabangi ukukhethwa uqinisekisa ukuphepha imiphumela, uxwayisa noma ukuchema kuzo.

incazelo monographic

Thina anezele izinhlobo ukubhekwa incazelo monographic. It is a uhlobo oluthile observation e izibalo. Lena ukutadishwa into ethile ejwayelekile, okuyinto ezithakazelisayo ngokuya labantu iyonke.

Lezi izinhlobo ezinkulu observation okungezona okuqhubekayo.

labantu Jikelele kanye izibonelo zalokho

Generalizing sebuningini izinkomba e indlela isampula esungulwe ngesisekelo ingxenye (kunalokho encane - mayelana 5-10%). Kulesi labantu kusukela lapho ukukhethwa ingxenye amayunithi, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi jikelele. Ingxenye iyunithi lekhetsiwe libizwa isampuli Imininingwane (okwehlukile - isampula). Ucwaningo usebenzisa indlela amasampuli Kwenziwa izindleko ubuncane izinsiza nabasebenzi, futhi esikhathini esifushane. Lokhu kunciphisa amaphutha ukubhalisa futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle.

Isicelo indlela izibonelo zalokho practice

Echaza izinhlobo ezinkulu ngekucaphelisisa, asikwazi abahlala isampula, okuyinto ethandwa kakhulu. Yena engavumelekile itholakala kuphela uma i- control izinga umkhiqizo kungaba elimazayo. Lolu hlobo kwasakazwa the zeminyango kanye nohulumeni izibalo (ucwaningo abasebenzi isabelomali imikhaya, abalimi, abasebenzi, kanye nezimo zezindlu). Libuye othandwayo kuleli ukuhweba (ukusebenza amafomu entsha yokuziphatha kwaso, ukufunwa izimpahla sabantu) nabanye.

Isampula indlela - eqinisweni, iqembu elikhulu izindlela, okuyizinto ngokuphongoza nomunye. Njengomthetho, zisekelwe isimiso Ukukhetha okungahleliwe sabantu.

Izibonelo ukusetshenziswa indlela amasampuli

Izibonelo kokuma ukubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa sokukhohlwa Lokho kuzokwenza uqonde izici zayo. Kakhulu kwakuthiwa bakhula namuhla ngoba non-okuqhubekayo ngoba kusekelwe isimiso amasampuli okungahleliwe. Leyo naleyo yunithi kanye Ukukhetha okungahleliwe has ematfuba efanayo kokuba amasampuli. Phakathi nokusakazwa ilotho, isibonelo, basisebenzisa ngayo lesi simiso ngoba inkokhelo amathuba alinganayo ekhona zonke amathikithi. Lapho draw futhi Ukukhetha okungahleliwe isetshenziswa. . Uma abafundi ayizinkulungwane 10 ukhetha 1000 ukuze ukufunda ukusebenza kwakhe, kungenziwa kanje: ezicucwini ephepheni elihlukile ukubhala amagama abafundi futhi zifa ukuyikhipha e-1000.

Ukuphindwa-mahhala futhi izibonelo zalokho okuphindaphindiwe

Ngenxa ukuphindaphinda-free, futhi kungaba liphindwe amasampuli okungahleliwe. Ekusebenteni, kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe ukuphindaphinda-free, ukuthi lifakwa iyunithi isampula is hhayi wabuya emuva wonkana, futhi ngaleyo ndlela inani lehla yamuva ngaso sonke isikhathi. Lottery udonsa zenzeke kwalesi sikhwama. Iyunithi akhethiwe uma kabusha Ukukhetha ebuyiselwa kumphakathi wonkana. Ngenxa yalokho, inani lona wamuva uhlala ezingaguquliwe inqubo isampula inhlolovo. Uma siphendukela Ngokwesibonelo yethu kanye nabafundi, singakwazi uqaphele lokhu okulandelayo: kulesi simo, ishidi ukuxhumana igama omunye ngengozi akhethiwe, waphinde wabuyela emuva futhi ungase uthole isampuli.

Izindlela Ukukhetha ochwepheshe

Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuthi akukho izinto ezifana nokuhlela ekomidini Ukuhlolwa noma umuntu kungase kube nomthelela. Ngamanye amazwi, kubalulekile ukuthi okungahleliwe Ukukhetha isimiso kuyahlonishwa. Nokho, umkhuba nokuqaliswa kwalo kaningi kunzima. Kukhona izibalo, okuyinto ubuswa Ukukhetha yezindlela ochwepheshe. Lesi simo ngenxa yezimo ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, kuthatha indawo Ukukhetha kwezimpahla ukubala intengo indices, noma ukwakheka ukubunjwa "obhasikidi" yokuhlaziya izindleko zokuphila. Can ngcono kakhulu ukunemba ezimweni ezinjalo, ukwenqaba indlela Ukukhetha okungahleliwe. Nokho, umnqopho ucwaningo kulahleka futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezehlukene zokugada izimbungulu, ngoba incike kulokhu phezu uchwepheshe neziqu.

Mechanical (ehlelekile) Ukukhetha

Ngokuvamile, empeleni i-(ehlelekile) Ukukhetha lokukhanda. Ake sithi, kusukela ayizinkulungwane 10. Abafundi kufanele nisuse ayinkulungwane. Kulokhu, ukwenza kanjalo: zonke guys ahlelwe ngokulandelana kwama-alfabhethi bese kuthathwe zonke okweshumi kwakho kubo.

Kusukela isikhawu kulokhu elilingana 10, eyenziwa nge-10% Ukuhlolwa (10,000 ihlukaniswe ngo-1000). Uma phakathi kwabayishumi abaphasa ngamalengiso kwaba umfundi wesithathu (ungakhetha ngenkatho ke), akhethiwe Kulokhu kuyoba 13, 23, 33th ... 9993rd. Ukukhethwa ehlelekile, sibona ukuthi iqoqo jikelele athutha ihlukaniswe amaqembu amaningi, futhi omunye iyunithi ithathwa ngamunye (kulesi sibonelo - Omunye umuntu ofundelwa). Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi (ehlelekile) Ukukhetha awayindwayo njalo ukuphindaphindwa-DRM. Kuyadingeka ukugcizelela ukuthi iyunithi akhethiwe uma isakazwa ngokulinganayo yonkana labantu.

Izindlela observation e izibalo

Kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi izindlela futhi izinhlobo observation kwezibalo. Kugcine, sesibonile, manje ujike ekutadisheni izindlela. Iqiniso wukuthi ezihlukahlukene observation bungabonakala kungakhathaliseki izindlela futhi nizuze ulwazi ngqangi imithombo. Kule ngombono, ovelele obubhalwe observation, ucwaningo nokuqaphelisisa oqondile.

Ngqo - kuba iwashi, okuyinto eyenziwa ukubala, ukulinganisa amagugu ezinye izimfanelo amadivayisi readout abantu ngubani bawuthwale (ngokuthi Registrar).

Ngenxa yokuthi ezinye izindlela futhi izinhlobo zokuqapha kwezibalo ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa, it is eyenziwa ngokuvamile esebenzisa uhlu ezithile imibuzo inhlolovo. Encwadini izimpendulo ifomu ekhethekile isilungisiwe. Ababonakali ngezikhundla kuncike ngendlela abanikeza ngayo yamukelwa, kanye ukudlulisa imibiko, kanye self-ndlela. Thina kafushane chaza ngamunye wabo.

Expedition yinhlangano ekhethekile (forwarder esiphikisayo) ngomlomo. Lo muntu igcwalisa ifomu inhlolovo noma ifomu.

Imibiko ngendlela uhleleke ngosizo ucwaningo lwamakheli yakha eqenjini elithile labantu ziphekwe ngendlela efanele (okuthiwa ezazivela). Laba bantu ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano kufanele agcwalise ifomu bese ulibuyisela inhlangano. Lapho kwenziwa ucwaningo lwembulunga by self-isheke senzeka yini noma cha ukuze ugcwalise ifomu ngendlela efanele. Njenganoma imibuzo inqubo umlobeli egcwele abaphendulayo ngokwabo, kodwa iqoqo nokusakazwa kwayo, kanye nokulawula ukunemba nokulaywa ngokugcwalisa Kwenziwa zokubala.

Amafomu zokugada ezibalweni

Uma ucabangela izinhlobo, izindlela, izinhlobo observation kwezibalo, asizange kuphela wakhuluma amafomu. Ziyakwazi ezintathu: Bhalisa zokuqapha ngokukhethekile-ihlelwe nokubika. Njengoba ubona, izinhlobo kanye namafomu observation kwezibalo - hhayi into efanayo. Kufanele kuqondwe le therebetween umehluko.

Ukuziphendulela - ifomu main lokugada. Ngosizo isimo nezibalo Imikhakha ozithola kusuka izinhlangano kanye namabhizinisi kolwazi ifomu isayinwe abantu loMkhandlu accounting imibhalo.

observation Ngokukhethekile-ihlelwe - ukuqoqwa kolwazi ezokwenza ahlele ejensi kwezibalo isifundo angizange ngisifihle yokubika imicimbi, noma ngaphezulu Ukulifunda ngijule idatha ezimali, intuthuko yabo kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokuba semthethweni. Kuthatha ifomu izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba kuzinhlolovo yokubalwa kwabantu.

Siye echazwe cishe zonke ezinkulu izindlela, izinhlobo kanye namafomu observation kwezibalo. Kwakukhona kuphela ifomu wokugcina - ezincwadini. Kuthatha indawo esimweni nokuqapha okuqhubekayo izinqubo ezenzeka isikhathi eside, okuyinto abe ocacile ekuqaleni, ukuthuthukiswa kanye ekupheleni. Ngokuqhubekayo amayunithi amaqiniso isimo fixed ndawonye. Ngo umkhuba kwezibalo, ukuhlukanisa phakathi usomqulu ibhizinisi kanye labantu amarejista. Laba njalo actualized futhi okuthiwa uhlu bakuleli zwe. Enterprises inikeza izinkampani nazo zonke izinhlobo zemisebenzi kwezomnotho kanye namagugu izici ezithile zomkhathi iyunithi ngalinye.

Ngakho, siye sahlola amafomu, izindlela, izinhlobo observation kwezibalo. Yiqiniso, siye wathinta on kafushane kuphela, kodwa into ebaluleke kakhulu sibonile ngaphambili.