Izitshalo ezweni lokuqala okwakukhona ... Izitshalo wokuqala emhlabeni

Thina, abantu besikhathi, okuncane mayelana abameleli wokuqala emhlabeni isitshalo waziwa. Ngeshwa, izinsalela zabo wathola kancane. Kodwa ososayensi, usebenzisa imprints omile owawudalwe izitshalo lasendulo, kodwa waphinde waba ukubukeka kwabo, kanye kubukezwe izici isakhiwo izitshalo, waba ngowokuqala abakhileyo ezweni.

Isayensi ukuthi etadisha izici isakhiwo kanye nokusebenza izitshalo ezimbiwa phansi ibizwa ngokuthi "paleobotanist." It paleobotanists wahlanganyela Ukufuna izimpendulo zemibuzo emayelana nemvelaphi yezinto ezimileni.

Ukwahlukanisa izitshalo spore

Izitshalo zokuqala Emhlabeni iphindwe ezinhlamvu. Phakathi flora wesimanje ubuye izitshalo spore. Ngokusho ngezigaba, basuke zenziwe neqembu elilodwa - lo "izitshalo spore ephakeme." Bethula Rhyniophyta, Zosterofilofitami, Trimsrofitami, Psilotofitami, bryophytes (Bryophytes) Likopodiofitami (lycopsids) Ekvizetofitami (Horsetail) kanye Polipodiofitami (Izinhlobo). Phakathi kwalezi zingxenye zokuqala ezintathu ngokuphelele yokuqothulwa, nabanye ukuthi waqamba njengoba yokuqothulwa, futhi manje amaqembu akhona.

Rhyniophyta - izitshalo ezweni kuqala

Izitshalo ezweni kuqala laba labammele flora, kahle Umhlaba abangaba yizigidi ezingu-450. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Bakhulisa eduze emizimbeni ezihlukahlukene amanzi noma emkhakheni emanzini angajulile, okwakubekelwa libhekene reheating gqwa Ukoma.

Zonke izitshalo kahle ezweni, kukhona oluvamile. Lesi sigaba zomzimba zibe izingxenye ezimbili - ngenhla phansi kuthi laba abangaphansi komhlaba. Lesi sakhiwo kwaba isici Rhyniophyta.

Izinsalela zezitshalo asendulo eyaqala ukutholwa ngawo-isigamu yesibili yekhulu XIX ensimini ka Canada yesimanje. Kodwa ngezizathu ezingaziwa, lokhu okwatholakala akanandaba ochwepheshe-zezitshalo. Futhi ngo-1912, eduze nodokotela emzaneni Scottish Rayni wendawo emzaneni wathola izitshalo eziningana omile. Akazange azi ukuthi lisiphatheleni izinsalela ezakhamuzi zokuqala ezahlala ezweni, kodwa, ngenxa yokuba ukwazi kakhulu, nganquma peruse ukutholakala ezithakazelisayo. Ngemuva kokwenza i-cut, wathola izinsalela kahle walondoloza izitshalo. Isiqu kwaba mncane kakhulu, wawuze, nalokho kwakuhlangene izinqubo oblong (njenge, ubuhlalu side) enezindonga obukhulu kakhulu. Ulwazi mayelana ukutholakala ngokushesha safinyelela paleobotanists ukuthi wabe usuthola ukuthi izinsalela ezitholakele kukhona izitshalo umhlaba kuqala. Kwakukhona ukungabaza mayelana igama lezi zinsalela lasendulo. Kodwa ekugcineni sanquma ukuya ku ukuya futhi okuthiwa izitshalo yokuqothulwa Rhyniophyta igama emzaneni, eduze kwayo wabathola.

izici kwesakhiwo

Sakhiwo sangaphandle Rhyniophyta bakudala kakhulu. NgoLwesine kutholakale isidumbu sendoda olunjengemfoloko uhlobo dichotomous, okungukuthi, izingxenye ezimbili. Amahlamvu nezimpande isikhathi samanje, ziye abangakayitholi. Ifaka emhlabathini eyenziwa usebenzisa rhizoids. Ngokuphathelene Sakhiwo sangekhatsi, it is, kunalokho, kwaba nzima, ikakhulu lapho uqhathaniswa ulwelwe. Ngakho, indwangu isigubungelo kwaba apharathasi stomatal, lapho izinqubo of negesi lokushintshisana namanzi ukuhwamuka. Ngenxa yokuntula kwawo izicubu efile, izitshalo lokuqala emhlabeni babemi elincane ukuphakama (50 cm) futhi ububanzi we stem (mayelana 0.5 cm).

Paleobotanists akholelwa ukuthi zonke izitshalo ezweni yesimanje savela Rhyniophyta.

Psilophytes - izitshalo umhlaba kuqala. Ingabe kuyiqiniso lokhu?

Kunalokho kungekho kuka yebo. Igama elithi "psilophytes" ngempela ukuthi ngisho ngo-1859. Kuyinto American palaeobotanist Dawson okuthiwa njengoba omunye izitshalo ezitholakele. Wakhetha le ndlela, njengoba kule lihumusha igama lisho "nqunu isitshalo." Kuze ekuqaleni XX psilophytes ekhulwini ngokuthi uhlobo lwe izitshalo lasendulo. Kodwa imiphumela yalolu hlobo ukubalwa kwezimali eyalandela uye beqiniso lashabalala, futhi ukusetshenziswa leli gama isibe angalungile. Kuleli qophelo bohlobo kuchazwe ngokuphelele Reania unika igama lonke umnyango endala semvelo sezimila eliwumhlaba. Ngenxa yalokho, izitshalo ezweni lokuqala okwakukhona Rhyniophyta.

abameleli ejwayelekile izitshalo ezweni kuqala

Kucatshangwa ukuthi izitshalo ezweni lokuqala okwakukhona Cookson futhi Reania.

Omunye abameleli flora kakhulu lasendulo yayingesinye Cookson owawunesihloko ukubukeka kwesihlahla ukuphakama encane esingeqile 7 cm. Of indawo evumela ukukhula akungisizanga emathafeni exhaphozini. Fossils Cookson nezinhlobo zalo ahlobene atholiwe eCzech Republic, e-United States futhi kwezinye izindawo eNtshonalanga yeSiberia.

Vala e nokuzwelana, Reania ngcono kakhulu wafunda kuka Cookson. umzimba kwawo kwakunjengokwetshe okukhulu ngaphezulu: isitshalo Wawukwazi afinyelela ku-50 cm, futhi ububanzi we stem - 5 mm. Ekupheleni stem kwaba Dome rinii, lapho kwakukhona izingxabano.

abameleli oMdala Reania emenza izitshalo eziningi zasezindaweni ezishisayo ezisondelene nazo. Ngokusho ngezigaba yesimanje, amunye, umnyango psilophytes. Kuyinto encane kakhulu, eqinisweni kuhlanganisa mayelana 20 zilwane. Ngandlela-thile ayefana kakhulu oyise. Ikakhulukazi, bobabili babe amagatsha dichotomous. Psilophytes ukuphakama okucishe 25 kuya 40 cm.

okutholakele yesimanje

Kuze kube muva nje, kwezazi abayitholile inhlabathi abaneminyaka engaphezu kuka-425 million, sekusele nje kuphela izinsalela bakudala triletnyh impikiswano nge igobolondo bushelelezi. ukutholwa kwezinto okunjalo kutholakale endaweni Turkey. Yiwo okuthiwa Elingenhla Ordovician. izinto Found ayikwazi ezisikhanyisela isikhathi nesenzakalo izitshalo semithambo, njengoba ayenjalo ezingavamile Akukacaci ngokuphelele indlela ukuthini abameleli nezitshalo kwakungekaNkulunkulu bushelelezi ezinhlamvu.

Kodwa akunjalo kudala izinsalela okunokwethenjelwa triletnyh siphikisana igobolondo elihlotshisiwe atholakele e-Saudi Arabia. Kwatholakala ukuthi engu-amasampula wathola zokhahlamba kusuka 444 450 wezigidi. Iminyaka.

Izitshalo eziqhakazayo semithambo ngemva glaciation

Engxenyeni wamanje Ordovician yesibili Saudi Arabia kanye Turkey zaba ingxenye esenyakatho supercontinent Gondwana. Lokhu, ngokusobala, kwaba original olwenzeka endaweni endaweni izitshalo semithambo. Long period zomlando babehlala kuphela yakhe "imbeleko yokuziphendukela kwemvelo," kuyilapho iplanethi owakhiwe futhi abameleli bakudala nge mossy yayo kriptosporami. Kungenzeka, le Izindawo mass izitshalo semithambo yathoma khona ngemva glaciation okukhulu okwenzeka endaweni ukuqala Ordovician futhi Silurian.

telome theory

Ngokuhamba isifundo kwakukhona okuthiwa Rhyniophyta telome theory, okuyinto wadalwa sezitshalo German Zimmermann. Lembula nezici kwesakhiwo Rhyniophyta, okuyinto ngaleso sikhathi wayebhekwa njengoba izitshalo umhlaba kuqala. Zimmermann waboniswa futhi indlela kulindeleke yokuba vegetative ezibalulekile futhi Izitho zokuzala izitshalo ephakeme.

Ngokusho usosayensi German Rhyniophyta umzimba kwakuba izimbazo radially ziyalingana, amagatsha esibulalayo zazo Zimmerman ngokuthi umzimba (kusukela telos Greek -. "Ukuphela").

indlela kwemvelo umzimba, kokuba zinguquko eziningi babe izitho eyinhloko izitshalo ephakeme:, amaqabunga, izimpande, sporophylls.

Ngakho manje ungakwazi ukuphendula ngokucacile lo mbuzo "Yiziphi izitshalo ezweni kuqala?". Namuhla, impendulo isobala. Kwakumelwe Rhyniophyta. Baqale ukuvelela surface eMhlabeni futhi baba okhokho baso abameleli yesimanje ye izitshalo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isakhiwo zabo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zazizimbi lapha.