Uyini Indwangu isigubungelo? Ikhava Indwangu: Imisebenzi kanye nezici isakhi amaseli

Indwangu - iqoqo amaseli, behlanganiswe isakhiwo efanayo futhi umsebenzi, kanye nezidakamizwa intercellular. Kusukela izindwangu kwakhiwa emizimbeni, okuyinto yena, yakha uhlelo umzimba. Iningi eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi aqukethe izinhlobo eziningi izicubu.

ukwehluka

Isayensi ukuthi etadisha izicubu (Histology), uqokomisa eziningi izinhlobo zawo.

Izinhlobo kwezicubu isilwane :

• kuhlangana;
• kwemisipha;
• kwemizwa;
• nezicubu isigubungelo (EPITHELIAL);

Izinhlobo zezitshalo kwezicubu:

• IMFUNDO (meristem);
• parenchyma;
• indwangu ukumboza;
• ngemishini;
• excretory;
• conductive.

Ngamunye izinhlobo Indwangu ihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana.

Izinhlobonhlobo ezicutshini:

• obukhulu;
• okuxekethile;
• reticular;
• uqwanga;
• ithambo;
• amafutha;
• lymphoma;
• igazi.

Izinhlobo kwemisipha izicubu :

• bushelelezi;
• striated;
• inhliziyo.

Izinhlobo Indwangu zemfundo :

• apical;
• uhlangothi;
• ejotshelelwayo.

Izinhlobonhlobo Indwangu conductive :

• xylem;
• phloem.

Izinhlobo izicubu mechanical:

• kolenhima;
• sclerenchyma.

Mayelana izinhlobo, isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi indwangu ukumboza zezilwane nezitshalo kuzoxoxwa kabanzi ngezansi.

Izici isakhiwo lendwangu enamathela. ulwazi olujwayelekile

Izici isakhiwo lendwangu enamathela ngenxa wo destination. Nakuba kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningi lolu hlobo izicubu, zonke zicishe zifane.

Kuyinto njalo inani elikhulu amaseli bese kancane izidakamizwa intercellular. izinhlayiya Bezakhiwe zitholakala eduze komunye nomunye. Isakhiwo lendwangu enamathela futhi njalo inikeza orientation ecacile lamaseli isikhala. Lesi sakamuva babe ingxenye engenhla nengezansi futhi engxenyeni engenhla zitholakala eduze kwamanzi emzimbeni njalo. Esinye isici, esibonakala by isakhiwo lendwangu enamathela, kukobana ezivuselela kahle. amaseli zako ziyizindlela ibingaba eyesikhashana ngempela. Bayakwazi wabe ngokushesha, ngenxa lapho izicubu njalo olusha.

Umsebenzi enamathela izindwangu

Okokuqala badlala indima zokuzivikela, ihlukanisa imvelo yangaphakathi kusukela izwe zangaphandle.

Futhi afeze Ukuhwebelana nemisebenzi excretory. Ngokuvamile, indwangu ukumboza unikezwa ikhule ezimbotsheni ukuqinisekisa lokhu. I last Umsebenzi main - yokwamukela.

Olunye uhlobo lokudla enamathela asesibelethweni izilwane - epithelium yezindlala - yenza umsebenzi secretory.

izicubu esinemthombo isitshalo

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zazo:

• oyinhloko;
• yesibili;
• Okuningi.

Okuxhunyanwa ikhava kwezicubu ezitshalweni zihlanganisa epidermis futhi exoderm. Eyokuqala phezu amaqabunga abasha neziqu, kanti eyesibili - empandeni.

I yesibili enamathela lendwangu - periderm. Useke embozwe ukhulile sifanamsindvo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, esehlanganise Indwangu - uqweqwe noma ritidom.

I epidermis: lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti

Injongo eyinhloko yalolu hlobo lendwangu - ukunikeza isivikelo izitshalo kusuka iphele ukuphuma. Umsolwa uvele ngaphambi eziphilayo ngokushesha nje lapho ephuma. Ukuze ulwelwe, ama-epidermis akukakabi khona, kodwa izitshalo spore eziveza ke usevele ekhona.

A ikhava cell Indwangu yalolu hlobo has a udonga lwangaphandle uqweqwe. Wonke amaseli in close contact nomunye.

Ngo izitshalo ephakeme, bonke ubuso embozwe cuticle izicubu - ungqimba cutin wax.

Isakhiwo isembozo isitshalo Indwangu sihlinzekela elikhethekile isikhathi eside - stomata. Ziyakwazi ezidingekile amanzi, igesi exchange kanye lokushisa isiqondiso. kwakhiwa ama-apharathasi Stomatal is by namangqamuzana akhethekile: side ezimbili ngokuvamile ivulekile futhi eziningana. Guard amaseli zihluke nezinye kwenani labafana chloroplast. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphakathi kwezindonga zabo Ukuboshelwa uqweqwe. Esinye isici isakhiwo yemilindankosi amaseli - nokwenze isibalo mitochondria futhi leucoplasts nge izakhi ezengeziwe.

Stomata ezitshalweni ephakeme zitholakala amaqabunga, ngokuvamile on the underside ecaleni, kodwa uma isitshalo amanzi - phezulu.

Esinye isici epidermis - khona izinwele, noma trichomes. Zingase aqukethe kuseli eyodwa noma amaningi. Izinwele kungenzeka yezindlala njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, kusukela sembabazane.

periderm

Lolu hlobo lwe-ikhava Indwangu kuyisici sobuntu izitshalo ephakeme ukuthi babe bok neziqu.

Periderm siqukethe izingqimba ezintathu. Ephakathi - phellogen - kubalulekile. Lapho sokuhlukanisa amaseli ayo kancane kancane kwakheka olwelwesini - fellema (tube) kanye yangaphakathi - phelloderm.

Imisebenzi esemqoka periderm - kuyisivikelo izitshalo ekulimaleni mechanical, Ukungena eziphilayo pathogenic, kanye nokunikeza lokushisa evamile. Umsebenzi yokugcina bunikezwa olwelwesini - fellemoy ngoba amangqamuzana kugcwele umoya.

Umsebenzi begodu nesakhiwo uqweqwe

Siqukethe efile ngokusebenzisa amangqamuzana esikhumba somuntu phellogen. Ngaphezu kwalokho indwangu ukumboza abukeka ngayo ngaphandle, emhlabeni periderm.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko koqweqwe - ukuvikelwa izitshalo ekulimaleni futhi eshisa kakhulu.

Amaseli lokhu izicubu abakwazi ukwabelana. Amaseli njengoba kwamanye amathishu ngaphakathi ihlukaniswe. Kancane kancane uqweqwe welulela, ngaleyo ndlela kwande ubukhulu isiqu esihlahleni. Nokho, lokhu Indwangu has a kuyaqina ngokwanele ongaphakeme ngoba amangqamuzana yayo ifa izimvilophu eqinile nakho ngeke kusize kakhulu cornified. Kule ndaba, uqweqwe iqala ukwambula ngokushesha.

Ikhava Indwangu e nezilwane

Izinhlobo ikhava izicubu izilwane wehlukile okuningi kuka ezitshalweni. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

Kuye isakhiwo ukwaba zalezi zinhlobo ikhava kwezicubu ezilwaneni: single-ungqimba ne-multi-ungqimba epithelium. Ukuma iseli lokuqala ihlukaniswe yaba cubic, flat futhi cylindrical. Kuye nemisebenzi ezicutshini futhi ezinye izici oyiyo ukuhlukanisa yezindlala ebucayi, epithelium ciliated.

Kunenye Ukwahlukaniswa kwamadamu epidermis - kuncike zezicubu kusukela kulo phakathi ukuthuthukiswa umbungu. Ngokwalesi simiso bungabonakala epidermal, enterodermalny, tselonefrodermalny, ependimoglialny nezinhlobo angiodermalny ka epithelium. Umsuka kwakhiwa kusukela yi-ectoderm. Ngokuvamile kuba multi-egqinsiwe, kodwa kuyenzeka futhi multilane (pseudostratified).

Enterodermalny kwakhiwa kusukela endoderm, kuba olulodwa-ungqimba. Tselonefrodermalny kwakhiwa kusukela mesoderm. Lolu hlobo lwe-single-ungqimba epithelium, kungaba cubic noma flat. Ependimoglialny - epithelium ekhethekile imigqa izimbotshana zobuchopho. Kumiswa It is kusukela embryonic neural tube kuyinto isendlalelo esisodwa, flat. Angiodermalny kwakhiwa kusukela mesenchyme, itholakala ohlangothini engaphakathi bomkhumbi. Abanye abacwaningi bathi lokhu hhayi EPITHELIAL izicubu, futhi uxhumano.

Sakhiwo umsebenzi

Izakhiwo lokunameka isilwane izicubu lalala yokuthi amaseli zitholakala eduze kakhulu kwabanye, cishe azibambeki ngamunye intercellular.

Esinye isici - khona engaphansi ulwelwesi. Lakhiwa umsebenzi amaseli bese zezinzwa izicubu ikhava. I ukushuba ulwelwesi basal imayelana 1 Micron. Siqukethe plate amabili: ukukhanya futhi kumnyama. Eyokuqala i material amorphous nge amaprotheni wokuqukethwe ongaphakeme, ocebile calcium ion, okunikeza ukuxhumana phakathi amaseli. ipuleti Dark has inqwaba fibrillar collagen kanye nezinye izinhlaka ukuthi ukunikeza amandla ukuze ulwelwesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e ipuleti amnyama iqukethe fibronectin futhi laminin, okuyizinto ezidingekayo ukuze ukuvuselelwa kwe-epithelium.

epithelium wakubo has a isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuka isendlalelo esisodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, epithelium amnyama isikhumba siqukethe izingqimba ezinhlanu: basal, spinous, luyimbudumbudu, acwebezelayo futhi Horny. Amaseli we kusendlalelo ngasinye kufanele isakhiwo ezahlukene. Amaseli we ungqimba basal kuhluke ukuma cylindrical, ungqimba spinous - esime ipholigoni, luyimbudumbudu - rhomboid, brilliant - flat stratum - amaseli zibe maholoholo efile egcwele yi-keratin.

Imisebenzi kwezicubu EPITHELIAL - ukuvikela umzimba ekulweni umonakalo mechanical ezishisayo kusukela Ukungena kwamagciwane. Ezinye izinhlobo epithelium zinemisebenzi ethize. Ngokwesibonelo, yezindlala obhekene uketshezi hormone kanye nezinye izinto ezifana earwax, umjuluko, ubisi, kanye nabanye.

Beka izinhlobo ezahlukene epithelium emzimbeni

Ukuze ukuvezwa le timu itafula.

uhlobo epithelium	ukuphi
flat	Oral ingaphakathi, nasopharynx, emphinjeni
cylindrical	Uhlangothi engaphakathi ingaphakathi lesisu, amathumbu
cubic	izinso tubules
ebucayi	ingaphakathi acinene
ciliated	yomoya
yezindlala	nezindlala
multilayered	isikhumba Upper ungqimba (cuticle, epidermis)

Ezinye zalezi zinhlobo abe umsebenzi othile. Ngokwesibonelo, uthinte epidermis, okuyinto in the ekhaleni, uyena obangela omunye izinzwa ezinhlanu - lokuhogela.

okutholakele

Indwangu esehlanganise libhekene kokubili izitshalo nezilwane. In the yesibili, bona zahlukahlukene kakhulu, kufanele isakhiwo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu imisebenzi ngaphezulu.

Esinemthombo izicubu plant of ezintathu izinhlobo: lokuqala, lesibili futhi eminye. Isici esiyinhloko yazo zonke izitshalo, ngaphandle ulwelwe yesibili - labo okuyinto ekunqandeni ngokwengxenye uyaqina, nokuningi - ukuze izitshalo stem oderevenevayuschim ngokugcwele.

Ukumboza isilwane kwezicubu abizwa ngokuthi EPITHELIAL. Kunezindlela eziningana ngeengaba kunombolo izingqimba ngesimo amaseli, imisebenzi, ngokuvumelana umthombo kumiswa. Ngokusho ngezigaba wokuqala, kukhona eyodwa-ungqimba ne-multi-ungqimba epithelium. Eyesibili kuqokomisa flat, cubic, cylindrical, ciliated. Okwesithathu - ebucayi, yezindlala. Ngokwe sesine, kukhona epidermal, enterodermalny, tselonefrodermalny, ependimoglialny futhi epithelium angiodermalny.

Injongo eyinhloko izinhlobo eziningi enamathela izindwangu kanye izilwane kanye nezitshalo - ukuvikela umzimba kusuka noma yiziphi izinhlinzeko zalo imvelo bangaphandle, izinga lokushisa isiqondiso.