Gravity - kuyini? Amandla adonsela phansi. amandla adonsela phansi Zomhlaba

Isintu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo wacabanga yini ukuthi leli zwe elisizungezile. Kungani utshani likhula, kungani kokuba ilanga liphume, kungani thina ayikwazi ukundiza ... Lesi sakamuva, ngenhlanhla uhlale nesithakazelo ngokukhethekile kubantu. Manje siyazi ukuthi imbangela konke - amandla adonsela phansi. Kuyini, futhi kungani lesi simanga kubaluleke kangaka kuleli izinga yonke, thina sibuyekeza namuhla.

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Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi zonke izindikimba omkhulu uhlangabezana sisakhangana komunye nomunye. Kamuva sekuvela ukuthi lo amandla angaqondakaliyo kubangela ukunyakaza kwezindikimba zasezulwini kanye ezungeza labo nini nanini. Imfundiso kakhulu efanayo kwamandla adonsela phansi washayelwa ubuhlakani Isaak Nyuton, ogama imicabango kusengaphambili ukuthuthukiswa physics eminyaka amaningi ukuba eze. Sikhanyisiwe futhi baqhubeka (siqala ngendlela ehlukileko ngokuphelele) ngusosayensi-Albert Einstein - ungomunye wongqondongqondo kunabo bonke ekhulwini elidlule.

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, ososayensi baye baphawula ukukhangana, ukuzama ukuqonda ukuthi balinganise ke. Ekugcineni, wafaka ekusebenzeleni abantu e emashumini eminyaka ambalwa edlule (ngomqondo othile, vele) ngisho into efana amandla adonsela phansi. Kuyini, kuyini kwencazelo eside ngaphansi ibhekisiswe nesayensi yanamuhla?

definition yesayensi

Uma ulihlola emibhalweni zefilosofi zasendulo, kungenzeka ukuthola ukuthi izwi Latin "le gravitas" kusho 'wobukhulu "," ukuthatheka ". Namuhla, ososayensi abaye balibiza ngokuthi ukuxhumana jikelele futhi njalo kweenhlangano impahla. Uma la mandla kuqhathaniswa ababuthakathaka futhi isebenza kuphela izinto ezihambayo kakhulu kancane kuka ngejubane lokukhanya, kuba kusebenza kubo theory Newton. Uma akunjalo, kufanele usebenzise okwatholakala Einstein.

Ekuqaleni: Okwamanje, ubunjalo gravity bengayiqondi ngokugcwele ngokomthetho. Ukuthi kuyini, thina namanje ungekho ngokugcwele.

Incazelo eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ka Newton kanye Einstein

Ngokwemfundiso yeSonto zakudala Isaaka Nyutona, yonke imigwamanda bakhangwa nomunye ngebutho ngqo wakhona mass yabo inhlukanozigaba esikweleni yebanga elisemandleni phakathi kwazo. Einstein umangalele ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwezinto kubonakala endabeni isikhathi watsheka nesikhala (a ugobile isikhala kungenzeka kuphela uma iqukethe into).

Lo mbono lwalujulile kakhulu, kodwa ucwaningo lwamuva uyibonise ezinye AMANGA. Namuhla, kunenkolelo yokuthi amandla adonsela phansi asonte emkhathini isikhala kuphela: isikhathi kungaba ijubane ngisho ukuyeka, kodwa okungokoqobo siyashintsha isimo ndaba theory yesikhashana alikaqinisekiswa. Yingakho classical Einstein kwesibalo alinikezi ngisho ithuba ukuthi endaweni uzoqhubeka kuthinte daba kanti okuholela kazibuthe.

Lapho siyazi umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi (gravity), inkulumo ethi nezibalo okungeye njengoba isikhathi Newton:

\ [F = γ \ frac [-1.2] {M_1 m_2} {r ^ 2} \]

Ngaphansi γ waqonda njalo okudonsa (G uphawu ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziswa), ukubaluleka okuyinto ilingana 6,67545 × 10-11 m³ / (kg · s²).

Ukuxhumana phakathi izinhlayiya aphansi

I yinkimbinkimbi ngendlela engakholeki ye ezizungezile ngokuyinhloko kuhlotshaniswa isibalo esingapheliyo izinhlayiya aphansi. Phakathi kwabo, kukhona ekuxhumaneni ahlukahlukene ngesikhathi labo amazinga mayelana esingakwazi kuphela ukuqagela. Nokho, kuzo zonke izinhlobo ekusebenzisaneni izinhlayiya aphansi nomunye kuhluke kakhulu ithonya lazo.

Enamandla kunazo zonke amabutho eyaziwa ujoyine ndawonye izingxenye nucleus yama-athomu. Ukuhlukaniswa kubo, udinga ukuchitha imali cwe ngempela zamandla. Njengoba ukuba ama-electron, basuke "ohlanganiswe" ukuze ikhenela kuphela abavamile nokuxhumana kagesi. Ukuze umise it, ngezinye izikhathi kakhulu impela amandla evelayo ngenxa ezivamile chemical yokusabela. Amandla adonsela phansi (kuyini, usuwazi) e version zama-athomu nezinhlayiyana subatomic uhlobo elula yokusebenza.

Inkambu okudonsa kulokhu ibuthakathaka ukuze Kunzima ukucabanga. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa ukunyakaza kwezindikimba zasezulwini, ogama isisindo ngezinye izikhathi akunakwenzeka ukuba sicabange, "landela" baba. Konke lokhu kungenxa Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba izici ezimbili gravity ukuthi ikakhulukazi liphinyiselwe esimweni izinto ezinkulu emzimbeni:

• Ngokungafani-athomu amandla elanga adonsela phansi ukudonsa kakhulu ezikude kusukela into. Ngakho, amandla adonsela phansi eMhlabeni igcina ensimini yakhe, ngisho nenyanga, futhi ibutho efanayo umzila wokuzungeza Jupiter sika isekela kalula iziphuphutheki eziningi, nenqwaba ngalinye elikwazi ifaniswe umhlaba!
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, njalo kuqinisekisa Luhambo phakathi kwezinto, ibanga, leli butho sesibuthakathaka ngesivinini aphansi.

Kumiswa umbono ucishe lovumelanako amandla adonsela phansi samuva nje, futhi kunjengesipho yi kokuma eminyaka ubudala we ezinyakazayo amaplanethi nezinye izindikimba zasezulwini. Umsebenzi kakhulu kulula iqiniso lokuthi they qhubeka esikhaleni nje, lapho kukhona nhlobo enye ukuhlanganyela. KukaGalileo Kepler - sezinkanyezi ababili abavelele ngenxa yesikhathi, imibono yabo eyigugu kakhulu baye acabela indlela izinto ezintsha.

Kodwa kuphela enkulu Isaak Nyuton wakwazi ukusungula theory lokuqala ye-gravity kanye ukuyibeka yangokwesiko zezibalo. Wawungumthetho lokuqala kwamandla adonsela phansi, yangokwesiko zezibalo onikelwa ngenhla.

iziphetho Newton futhi abanye amandulela

Ngokungafani nezinye izenzakalo ngokomzimba ezikhona ezweni elisizungezile, amandla adonsela phansi kubonakala njalo futhi yonke indawo. Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi igama elithi "zero amandla adonsela phansi", okuyinto evame atholakala emibuthanweni mbumbulu kwesayensi, ayilungile: ngisho weightlessness emkhathini akusho ukuthi umuntu noma mkhathi akuyona Luhambo oluvumelekile into omkhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke imigwamanda impahla abe nesisindo ethile, okuyinto sivezwe kula uhlobo ongamandla lasetshenziswa kubo, kanye ukusheshisa ekhiqizwa ngenxa yalokhu ukuchayeka.

Ngakho, amandla elanga adonsela phansi kuyinto wakhona sisindvo setintfo. Ngokwezinombolo they ungaboniswa, kokubili umkhiqizo wesisindvo emizimbeni. La mandla enza umzimba uyalalela kwencika ngokuqinile ephambene phezu skwele ibanga phakathi izinto. Konke okubandakanyekayo ehlukile kakhulu kuye ngokuthi ibanga eliphakathi izindikimba ezimbili.

IMisa njengetshe legumbi kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela

Amalungu afanayo ezinto baba iphuzu ikakhulukazi impikiswano emhlabeni elakhiwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela lonke yesimanje kwamandla adonsela phansi futhi kwezinto Einstein. Uma ukhumbula yesibili umthetho Newton, khona-ke niyazi kakade ukuthi isisindo isici esiyisibopho iyiphi kulomzimba ngokomzimba. Kubonisa ukuthi into ngeke aziphathe kunjalo Kungenzeka ukuthi ukuphathwa amabutho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ivelaphi.

Njengoba wonke umzimba (ngokuvumelana Newton) lapho zihlatshwa amandla zangaphandle yashesha, okungukuthi mass inquma ukuthi likhulu kangakanani lokhu ukushesha. Cabangela isibonelo esicacile ngaphezulu. Cabanga isithuthuthu zamabhasi: uma uzibiza kanjalo ncamashi nomphumela ofanayo, bafinyelela ngesivinini ezahlukene isikhathi ukungalingani. Konke lokhu kuchazwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela adonsela phansi.

Buyini ubuhlobo of mass namandla adonsela phansi?

Uma sikhuluma amandla adonsela phansi, mass zalesi simo kudlala indima okuphambene ngokuphelele ukuthi lapho idlala maqondana namandla nokusheshisa into. Lokho-ke ungumthombo oyinhloko Luhambo. Uma sibheke izindikimba ezimbili futhi ibutho ngazo ukuheha into yesithathu, esemgwaqweni at ibanga elilinganayo kusuka nabantwana bami ababili bokuqala, ngaleso sikhathi ubuhlobo amabutho uyalingana ratio sisindvo setintfo letimbili kuqala. Ngakho, amandla ezikhangayo ngokuqondile wakhona isisindo emzimbeni.

Uma sicabanga umthetho wesithathu Newton, kungenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uthi ncamashi into efanayo. Amandla elanga adonsela phansi okuyinto ethatha ku izindikimba ezimbili ngokufanele ngesikhathi ibanga elilinganayo kusuka umthombo ukuthatheka, kuncike ngokuqondile ku-sisindvo setintfo idatha. Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke sikhuluma ngamandla ngawo umzimba ikhangwa ebusweni iplanethi, njengoba isihloko sakho.

Ake afingqa. Ngakho, ungqimba uhlobene eduze ngamandla nokusheshisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke inquma amandla ngalo umzimba izothatha isinyathelo ngenxa Luhambo.

Izici ukusheshisa zemizimba ensimini okudonsa

Lokhu webumbacambili emangalisayo yokuthi e efanayo emkhakheni adonsela phansi ukusheshisa izinto kuhlukile kunokunikeza kuzolingana. Ake sithi banemizimba ezimbili. Nikeza omunye wabo z mass, kanye nezinye - Z. Zombili lezinto befakwa emhlabathini, olungena ngokukhululekile.

Njengoba kunqunywa ratio amabutho nobakho? Ibonisa ifomula elula zezibalo - z / Z. Yilokho nje ukushesha abazitholayo ngenxa amandla adonsela phansi ngeke ifane patsi. Uma sikubeka kalula, ukushesha ukuthi umzimba wakhe ensimini okudonsa akuxhomekile impahla yayo.

Yini enquma ukusheshisa endabeni echazwe?

It kuncike kuphela (!) Of isisindo lezinto ukuthi idale le ensimini, kanye nesikhundla sabo ngekwendzawo. Iqhaza ombaxambili mass nokusheshisa ilingane imizimba ehlukahlukene ensimini okudonsa isivele kuqhathaniswa evulekile isikhathi eside. Lesi senzakalo kufanele isihloko esilandelayo: "kwefrakshini isimiso". Leli gama ugcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ukushesha futhi inertia ngokuvamile okulingana (ngokwezinga elithile, vele).

Ukubaluleka ukubaluleka G

sikhumbula esikoleni physics Yiqiniso, ukuthi ukushesha gravity at ebusweni iplanethi yethu (amandla adonsela phansi Zomhlaba) 10 m / sek.² (9.8 Yiqiniso, kodwa lesi silinganiso isetshenziselwa kalula ukubala). Ngakho-ke, hhayi ikhumbula emoyeni ukumelana (ezingeni ukuphakama eningi buqamama esifushane kwesifo), khona-ke umphumela etholakale lapho umzimba ezidinga anyuswe ka ukusheshisa 10 m / umzuzwana. ngomzuzwana. Ngokwesibonelo, incwadi elehla livela phansi endlini yesibili, ekupheleni umgomo wayo zizosuka ngesivinini 30-40 m / s. Uma sikubeka kalula, 10 m / s - lena "isivinini" gravity ngaphakathi Earth.

Ukusheshisa gravity izincwadi physics ezikhonjiswe «g» incwadi. Njengoba ukuma Umhlaba ngezinga elithile njenge-tangerine kuka ibhola, ukubaluleka kwalesi ubuningi alikho zonke izindawo zalo uyefana. Ngakho, ngo-okungenhla ukusheshisa nezingodo futhi kuba encane iziqongo eziphakeme ezintabeni.

Ngisho embonini yezimayini udlala kungekho indima encane ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi. I-physics lokhu mkhuba ngezinye izikhathi konga isikhathi esiningi. Ngakho, izazi zokuma komhlaba unesithakazelo ikakhulukazi incazelo ngokuphelele okunembile g, ngoba ivumela ngokunemba ezehlukile ukuhlola nokuthola enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi. By the way, kubukeka sengathi amandla adonsela phansi ifomula lapho ukubaluleka kudlala indima kubhekwe yithi? Nayi:

F = G x M1xM2 /-R2

Nakani! Kulokhu, amandla adonsela phansi ifomula kusho G «njalo okudonsa", ukubaluleka lapho siye kakade letinikwe lapha ngenhla.

Ngaleso sikhathi, Newton washayelwa izimiso eyashiwo ngenhla. Wayazi futhi ubunye jikelele koHlelo amandla elanga adonsela phansi, kodwa zonke izici lomkhuba akakwazanga ukuchaza. Lokho udumo bawela Alberta Eynshteyna, owakwazi ukuchaza isimiso kwefrakshini. Lokho abantu ukweleta ukuqonda kwakhe samanje ubunjalo isikhala-time continuum.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto, Alberta Eynshteyna umsebenzi

Ngesikhathi Isaaka Nyutona babekholelwa ukuthi kuqalwa kungenziwa amelwe ngendlela abanye "izinduku" ezinzima, lapho isikhundla efakwe emzimbeni ku ngekwendzawo Ukudidiyela uhlelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwathiwa bazitshela ukuthi bonke ababukele, ngubani uqaphele lezi izixhumanisi kuyoba esikhaleni esifanayo. Ngaleyo minyaka, lesi simo sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi sobala ukuze mzamo senziwe inselelo-ke noma banezele okuthile. Lokhu kuyaqondakala, ngoba imikhawulo iplanethi yethu akukho ngeziphambeko lo mthetho akekho.

Einstein wafakazela ukuthi ukunemba ukulinganisa kwakuyoba semqoka ngempela uma iwashi yezinto ezihamba kancane kakhulu ijubane ukukhanya. Kalula nje, uma othile kuhamba ngonyawo lonwabu kuka ngejubane lokukhanya, izolandela izenzakalo ezimbili, kwenzeka ngaye ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngakho, i-obuka wesibili? ngesilinganiso okuyinto izenzakalo ezifanayo noma ngaphezulu singenzeka ngezikhathi ezehlukene.

Kodwa amandla adonsela phansi ihlobene imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto? Ake uvule udaba.

Ukuhlobana phakathi kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela wokuhlobana kwezinto kanye adonsela phansi amabutho

Eminyakeni yamuva, kwenza lenqwaba okutholakele emkhakheni izinhlayiya subatomic. A ngokuqiniseka ezikhulayo singaminza ukuthola kuyizinhlayiyana sokugcina, okungafanele izwe lethu alikwazi olwembiza. Uba isidingo waphikelela ngaphezulu ukwazi ngokuthe ngqó ukuthi ukuthonya "izitini" encane yonke zethu namandla ayisisekelo ukuthi ziye zatholakala e kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ngisho ngaphambili. Ikakhulukazi ubuhlungu ukuthi kakhulu ubunjalo gravity ingakamiswa wachaza.

Yingakho, ngemva Einstein, obani abahlela "ukungakwazi" ka classical Mechanics Newton endaweni akhuluma ngayo, abacwaningi ligxile rethinking ephelele idatha ngaphambilini etholwe. Ngezindlela eziningi, kubukezwe usebhekene, yesisindo. Lokho kuyinto ezingeni izinhlayiya subatomic? Ingabe kufanele okungenani inani elithile kuleli zwe emangalisayo multi-ntathu?

Wasikisela isixazululo esilula?

Ekuqaleni, abaningi bacabanga ukuthi adonsela phansi kwakunokungavumelani Newton futhi inkolelo-mbono wokuhlobana kwezinto zingachazwa impela nje, isifaniso kusukela electrodynamics. Kungaba kungenzeka ukuba singaphethi ngokuthi emkhakheni okudonsa zibhebhetheka like kazibuthe, ngemva kwalokho kungenzeka ukuba amemezele "umlamuleli" kwezinto ekuxhumaneni mayelana nezinto zasemkhathini, echaza ukungqubuzana eziningi ezindala futhi inkolelo-mbono omusha. Iqiniso liwukuthi ke kwakuyoba kubhekwe Isivinini eyisihlobo Lokusakaza amabutho ukukhanya kakhulu aphansi. Njengoba amandla adonsela phansi kanye nesikhathi nakanjani?

Ngomqondo onabile, Einstein yena cishe got ukwakha ithiyori relativistic kusekelwe imibono enjalo, ukuthi into eyodwa nje kuvinjelwe inhloso yakhe. Akekho ososayensi langaleso sikhathi akazange kukhona ulwazi ngaso sonke okungase ziye zasiza ukunquma "isivinini" gravity. Kodwa kwakukhona eziningi ukwaziswa okuhlobene ukunyakaza ukugudluka ezinkulu. Njengoba wazi, bamane benza liwumthombo neyaziwayo we Amasimu ezinamandla okudonsa izinto.

ngesivinini kuthinte kakhulu isisindo somzimba, futhi lokhu kuyinto neze efana nokuxhumana isivinini namandla. Ijubane ephakeme, aba maningi isisindo emzimbeni. Inkinga iwukuthi mithandazo ngokuzenzakalela yayiyoba elingapheli esimweni motion ijubane lokukhanya noma ngaphezulu. Ngakho Einstein baphetha ngokuthi akukho mandla adonsela phansi, futhi tensor ensimini ukuchaza lapho kumele kusetshenziswe variable okuningi.

Lokhu kwawukubakhumbuza ngegazi lakhe wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi futhi cishe akuhlobene. Iqiniso lokuthi leli tensor ensimini kakhulu isinyathelo isikhala, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuba ayithinti. Nokho, brilliant physics, uStephen Hawking yesimanjemanje unenye umbono. Kodwa lokho omunye indaba ...