Izicubu Sikhungo: umsebenzi kanye nesakhiwo

Izinguquko Emculweni We-yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene zenza ukuba kancane kancane inkinga yenhlangano zabo. Ngakho-ke, lamanje zinhlobo ukwehluka omkhulu kangangokuthi nje emangalisayo. Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi elandayo Sakhiwo sangekhatsi sabonakala igatsha ngalinye kwemvelo.

Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi umthelela izitshalo bakwazile siziguqukele ezitshalweni zohlobo ephansi Underwater ixazululwe emhlabeni wonke abameleli eliphakeme, abe eziyinkimbinkimbi isakhiwo ngaphakathi kanye nabangaphandle. indima ebalulekile lokhu eyadlalwa ukwakhiwa kwezinhlaka ekhethekile - kwezicubu ezakha ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi izilwane zombuso.

Meristem: definition kanye nomqondo

Ubude Kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu eziyinhloko kwezicubu plant eziphilayo. Phakathi kwabo kukhona lokhu okulandelayo:

• meristem, ezemfundo noma izicubu;
• ukuze isitokwe;
• conductive;
• ngemishini;
• eziyisisekelo.

Ngamunye wabo has a isakhiwo ekhethekile, ezahlukene izinhlobo zamangqamuzana, futhi yenza umsebenzi ebalulekile ekuphileni zalesi sihlahla. ngokukhethekile kufanele kube Indwangu zemfundo, eqinisweni kuphakamisa cishe bonke abanye, futhi inikeza isici esiyinhloko esasenza izitshalo kusuka nezinye izinto eziphilayo - ukukhula angenamkhawulo kukho konke ukuphila.

Uma ukunikeza incazelo esinembile walesi uhlobo Indwangu, kuyoba uzwakale kanje: Indwangu imfundo noma meristem - igama ejwayelekile uhlobo oluthile kwezicubu, okuyinto aqukethe esebenzayo kulo lonke ekuphileni amaseli, njalo ukuhlukana futhi ukuqinisekisa ukukhula nokuthuthuka izitshalo ngokuvamile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, meristems zisenza sibe izinhlobo eziningi izicubu emzimbeni ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, mechanical, conductive, nezinye enamathela. Ngenxa ukuphulukisa yabo kwenzeka ukhubazeka amasayithi emzimbeni zalesi sihlahla, ukusimama okusheshayo izakhiwo elahlekile (amaqabunga, izingcezu isiqu, izimpande). Asikwazi ukusho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi indwangu zemfundo - omunye wemizila ebaluleke kakhulu, okuvumela izitshalo khona. Ngakho-ke, isimo sawo futhi nemisebenzi okuseduzane.

Amaseli izicubu zemfundo. ulwazi olujwayelekile

izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko lamaseli bungabonakala, okuyinto ezakha meristem:

1. Zikanhlangothiningi, noma izodiametricheskie. Iqukethe i-nucleus esikhulu kakhulu, okuyinto oluthatha cishe yonke isikhala yangaphakathi. Have ribosomes, mitochondria, vacuoles encane chithi saka cytoplasm. Igobolondo mncane ngokwanele. Phakathi ngokwabo ngokwanele alengayo ngokufanele. amaseli okunjalo yakha eumeristemy. Batinikela ifike zonke izinhlobo izindwangu, ngaphezu esiqhuba.
2. Prozenhimnye amaseli. Baye, kunalokho, vacuoles esikhulu kakhulu egcwele cell ubisi. Phakathi ngokwabo exhunywe ezinabantu ngaphezulu, ukuma elongate, cubic noma prismatic. Indwangu Sikhungo esakhiwe wabo kuphakamisa uhlelo conduction, Kambia nezitshalo procambium.

Ngakho, kuye ngohlobo amaseli ukwakha Indwangu kunqunywa futhi kwenziwe umsebenzi walo.

Ungaphinde ukhethe izinhlobo ezimbili meristem amaseli:

1. Ekuqaleni - ngenkuthalo sokuhlukanisa amaseli kukho konke ukuphila ukuqinisekisa ekuqongeleleni mass Imininingwane lendwangu zemfundo. Futhi zisenza elinye iqembu.
2. Izisetshenziswa ezilethwayo amaseli - zingahluka kusuka umumo owedlule, usayizi, isibalo vacuoles, kanye neminye imingcele.

Lezi zinhlobo izakhiwo e zezimila ungahlukaniswa ngokuvamile ube izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana, okungenani morphologically.

Ngokuvamile, isakhiwo lendwangu zemfundo ikuvumela ukuba ukhethe izinhlobo eziningana ezakha ngezigaba zawo.

Ukwahlukaniswa meristems

Ngesisekelo ungafaka izimpawu ezimbalwa ezahlukahlukene. Eyokuqala wabo - iyona morphology we amangqamuzana akha izicubu. Ngenxa yalesi nomehluko othile:

• leaf meristem - ifomu cubic nge monolayer cell ulwelwesi, ukwakha Indwangu enamathela;
• columnar zemfundo Indwangu - yakha core sifanamsindvo futhi zemithi, amaseli prismatic nge igobolondo obukhulu;
• meristem omkhulu - zisenza ukwakha-up ukujiya, emelelwa amaseli zikanhlangothiningi.

Ukulandela izimpawu ze ngezigaba - yikhono ukuhlukanisa kwezinye izakhiwo. Kulesi sisekelo zonke meristem kungenziwa lahlukaniswa laba amaqembu ayisithupha:

1. Indwangu zemfundo embryonic. Igama layo liyazikhulumela. It yakha nezicubu eyinhloko fetus.
2. meristem apical, eyaziwa nangokuthi apical. Ifomu: procambium, epidermis, conductive izicubu parenchyma.
3. Balimaze Indwangu zemfundo. Kwakheka kusayithi ukulimala futhi ahlinzeke ukululama ngokushesha we elahlekile isitho noma ukubambezeleka isilonda.
4. Ejotshelelwayo - ahlinzeke ukukhula ejotshelelwayo izitshalo e ukuphakama nobubanzi.
5. Side noma lateral - ukuhlinzeka ukuqina izakhiwo Axial yomzimba ngu sebethule cambium noma phellogen.
6. meristem Asemphethweni - ukuthi yakha kuwebhu ishidi.

Ukwahlukaniswa yokugcina, lapho ungaba yonke meristem ngamaqembu amabili - zofuzo. Ngokusho kwakhe, bahlukene zibe:

• eyinhloko - ezihlobene nokusebenzelana kwezicubu apical embryo;
• Secondary - cambium, procambium nabanye.

Kusobala ukuthi izici ezihlukahlukene ngezigaba kuqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwalezi zakhiwo, ikakhulukazi ngeqhaza ababenalo empilweni isitshalo.

iqabunga meristem

Lokhu Indwangu ezemfundo, ogama imisebenzi ku ukwakheka epidermis zalesi sihlahla. It meristem lamellar ukudala coverslips izicubu ukuthi ukuvikela umzimba kusuka imithelela zangaphandle, ukusekela isimo esithile futhi isakhiwo.

Amaseli ipuleti Indwangu zemfundo ahlelwe umugqa owodwa ahlukaniswe okukhulu kakhulu, futhi perpendicular umzimba ukusebenza. Ngenxa yalokho, i-epidermis yangaphandle kwakheka izitshalo.

izicubu columnar

Enye igama la izindwangu - Rod. Bafika naye i izingxenye side prismatic kwengqamuzana, okuyinto zitholakala eduze komunye nomunye futhi abe isikhumba aminyene ngokwanele.

izicubu columnar kuphakamisa yakha ngokugcwele umnyombo umoba kanye iziqu izitshalo. Ihlukaniswe yaba amaseli ijwabu futhi perpendicular izitho Axial.

meristem Massive. Incazelo emfushane

Izici lendwangu zemfundo ngokuthi okukhulu ukuthi lwenza simila buthelela mass lamaseli undifferentiated, eholela ukuqina futhi anda isisindo. Uma lokhu kwenzeka kuba impela ngokulinganayo.

Esikhathini esizayo, ngamunye mass cell is ibe eyodwa noma enye indwangu okungukuthi ezikhethekile futhi ngeke ukwenza umsebenzi walo. Ngakho kwakhiwa, isibonelo, izicubu kanye nezinye sporangium.

umsebenzi Sikhungo kwezicubu isitshalo

I indima eyadlalwa meristem, nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu. Ungakwazi ukumaka imisebenzi eminingana eziyisisekelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezenziwa izicubu ngaphansi ukucatshangelwa:

1. Inikeza izitshalo ngokwanda angenamkhawulo kukho konke ukuphila.
2. Kuphakame kwamangqamuzana futhi lunye kuzo zonke ezinye izinhlobo izicubu emzimbeni.
3. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa evamile izitshalo.
4. Ukuphungula umonakalo futhi ubuyisele isakhiwo alahlekile.

Nokho, umsebenzi oyinhloko ezenziwa Indwangu zemfundo - iyona okuphindaphindiwe nokuhlukana kwamangqamuzana kanye ukunqwabelana isisindo esikhulu kungenzeka ukusetshenziswa unomphela ingxenye isitshalo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, silondoloze ekukhuleni kwayo nomsebenzi kukho konke ukuphila. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi emzimbeni bezilwane nabantu abavela izicubu okunjalo akukhona ukuthuthumela. Phela, zikhula kuphela kunqunywa zofuzo (ekuqaleni eyafakwa ufuzo) osayizi.

meristem apical

Lokhu zemfundo Indwangu, umsebenzi kanye nesakhiwo lapho sicabanga ukuba omunye wemizila ebaluleke kakhulu zonke izinhlobo meristems. Ukuze wenze lokhu, zikhona ngenxa yezizathu eziningana.

1. Ibizwa nangokuthi izicubu apical kanye apical, kusukela ngemva ukuthuthukiswa umbungu, lihlale iphuzu ezikhulayo (isihloko ihlumela).
2. I apical meristem stem nezimpande ivumela ukwandisa ubude.
3. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, it is iguqulwe ibe nezicubu apical of ezimibalabala futhi inflorescence meristem, okuvumela izimbali ukwakha nazo zonke izingxenye zawo.
4. It kuphakamisa zonke ezinye izinhlobo kwezicubu zemfundo.

Ngakho-ke, sikhuluma ngezinga eliphezulu ukubaluleka meristems apical empilweni isitshalo.

Kulesi ezihlukahlukene kwezicubu babe nemikhiqizo eziningana ukuthi yakha emzimbeni isitshalo. Amanye awo yilawa:

• indwangu ukumboza;
• protoderma;
• procambium;
• Indwangu conductive;
• eziyisisekelo;
• okukhulu.

Kanye apical kukhona ephumelelayo futhi lateral, noma meristems lateral. Batinikela avuke Kambia fellogenu bese bakha okuthiwa izindandatho yonyaka, okuyinto kuyabonakala ezigabeni ngesiphambano ngeziqu kanye iziqu.

Primary imfundo Indwangu

Lezi zihlanganisa nalabo lokuqala owabeka emzimbeni umbungu. Ngokuyinhloko, lo meristem apical umbungu kanye (apical). Ezinye zazo kuyagcinwa ukuphila, kuyilapho abanye die, ukwakha umzimba eyinhloko simila.

Kusukela meristem apical, siye kakade kuxoxwa kabanzi ngenhla, asikho isidingo ukuphinda konke futhi. izicubu Primary - lena izakhiwo zemfundo apical.

meristem yesibili

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa meristem omkhulu, okuyinto ivumela isitshalo emazingeni kamuva yentuthuko ukwakha mass. Lokhu Indwangu ezemfundo, ogama imisebenzi ngokuyinhloko kwetinhlavu Izigaxana kwezitho Axial izitshalo.

A indima ekhethekile kule play kanye phellogen cambium. Ngokuvamile eziqhutshwa meristem yesibili beze ngemuva kokuphela ukukhula apical zalesi sihlahla, kodwa zikhona ezehlukile. Njengoba isibonelo, endabeni le cambium.

meristems Okunye okubalulekile ukulimaza, okuyinto kungaholela ekwakhekeni callus - yengqamuzana. Bona qinisa indawo ukulimala noma umonakalo simila.