Plant kwezicubu. Izinhlobo izicubu isitshalo

IziNyathelo, echaza izilwane nezitshalo kwezicubu, sebevele ekhulwini XVII. Eyokuqala Botanical-anatomists - Grew Malpighi - bahlola ebaluleke kakhulu kubo, futhi salethwa imiqondo ezifana prosenchyma futhi parenchyma. Ngokuvamile, isifundo izakhiwo ehilelekile biology. Kwangezikhathi kukhona umehluko Ukwakheka, imisebenzi, umsuka. Ngokulandelako, cabangela izici eziyisisekelo ngaphezulu zalezi zakhiwo. Lesi sihloko ithebula isitshalo kwezicubu. Kuyo ungabona imikhakha eyinhloko izakhiwo, indawo yabo futhi imisebenzi.

Biology: Indwangu. ngezigaba

Isikimu ngokwahlukana izakhiwo ngokuhambisana nezinhloso bokuphila lakhiwe noSimoni Schwendener Gaberlandtom baphendukela XIX-XX eminyaka. Plant kwezicubu amaqembu amaseli kokuba umsuka esifanayo, Ukwakheka eyohlobo nezisebenza umsebenzi owodwa. Ukwahlukanisa izakhiwo Kwenziwa ngokuvumelana nezimfuno ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ubheke kwezicubu isitshalo:

• Ukhiye.
• Conductive.
• Meristem (ezemfundo).
• Enamathela.
• Excretory.
• Mechanical.

Uma izicubu isitshalo zenziwe amaseli kokuba ucishe sakhiwo lesifanako kanye nemisebenzi, bebizwa elula. Uma izinto azifani ke lonke uhlelo ibizwa ngokuthi eziyinkimbinkimbi noma eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izinhlobo izicubu sitshalo isigaba ihlukaniswe, esikhundleni salokho, eqenjini. Ngokwesibonelo, isakhiwo semfundo zihlanganisa:

• Apical.
• Side - yesibili (phellogen, cambium) kanye oyinhloko (pericycle, procambium).
• Isilonda.
• Ejotshelelwayo.

Izinhlobo uhlobo eyinhloko izicubu isitshalo zihlanganisa Stocking kanye nokwenziwa parenchyma. izakhiwo conductive phloem kubhekwe (Bast) kanye xylem (ukhuni).

Coverslips (emnceleni) isitshalo kwezicubu:

• Yangaphandle: yesibili (periderm), oyinhloko (epidermis), ephakeme (ritidom noma ikhasi); VELAM, rizoderma.
• amaseli exogenous futhi endoderm, parietal we izinyanda kokuqhuba amahlamvu: langaphakathi.

isakhiwo Mechanical (skeleton, inkomba) zihlukaniswe sclerenchyma (Imicu yotshani sklereidy), collenchyma. Futhi iqembu sokugcina ziyimifanekiso excretory (secretory) plant kwezicubu.

izakhiwo Sikhungo: izisekelo

Lezi izicubu isitshalo (meristem) kukhona iqembu abasha njalo, ngenkuthalo sokuhlukanisa cells. Bona zitholakala ezindaweni ukukhula kwezitho ahlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, bangase babe phezu kwezihloko neziqu, amathiphu impande, nakwezinye izindawo. Ngenxa yokuba khona isiko isitshalo cell izicubu kuyinto ukukhula okuqhubekayo kanye kumiswa izakhi njalo eziyishumi nemitshingo.

Izici meristem

Kuye indawo zemfundo isitshalo cell izicubu ekutholeni kungase apical (apical), side (lateral) gusset (ejotshelelwayo) isilonda. izakhiwo nazo ihlukaniswe yesibili futhi eyinhloko. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama izinhlobo apical kwezicubu isitshalo. Letakhi kunqunywa ukukhula isiko ubude. Ngo ephakeme izitshalo ehlelekile aphansi (ezinjengohlinzamfuku, horsetails) meristem apical kuhluke wavuma wazwakalisa. Basuke betfulelwa kokuqala eyodwa kuphela, noma esitokisini eyinhloko. Ngo angiosperms futhi gymnosperms meristem apical waveza kahle impela. Basuke imelelwa inani lamaseli kokuqala, okuyisisekelo Izigaxa ukukhula. izakhiwo Lateral ngokuvamile yesibili. Siyabonga kubo wenziwa ekwandeni izimpande, sifanamsindvo (emizimbeni Axial ngokuvamile) e ukujiya. ukubukwa ohlangothini izicubu isitshalo - ke phellogen futhi cambium. Ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi ngowokuqala Ukwakheka kwezitho izimpande neziqu ukhokho. Ukuze leli qembu eyakhe Indwangu angabiki - lenticels. meristem Lateral njengoba cambium, izakhi phloem akhiwa lezigodo kwesakhiwo. Ngezikhathi izitshalo eziphilayo enqabayo kuyehla noma ukumisa ephelele yomsebenzi we cambium. meristems ejotshelelwayo, njengoba umthetho, kukhona eyinhloko. Agcinwa njengoba izingxenye ahlukene ezindaweni sokukhula asebenzayo: ngasesinqeni se petiole futhi internode utshani amahlamvu, isibonelo.

tectum

Imisebenzi isitshalo izicubu yalesi qembu ukuvikela isiko imiphumela ebuhlungu yezinto zemvelo. amathonya amabi, ikakhulukazi, kufanele kubhekwe ukuhwamuka ngokweqile, okweqile solar, omiswe umoya, umonakalo mechanical, ingress amagciwane athile kanye nesikhunta pathogenic. Kukhona zamabanga aphansi naphezulu nokutshala izimali izicubu. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa rhizodermis kanye ikhasi (epidermis). I yesibili enamathela izindwangu bakholwe phelloderm, ukhokho cambium, ukhokho.

Izici kwezakhiwo

Skin embozwe zonke izitho zomzimba unyaka, zisetshenziswa isihlahla izitshalo yokukhula wamanje - amahlumela oluhlaza, ngokuvamile, izitshalo - izingxenye herbaceous zasemoyeni. Lesi sakamuva, ikakhulukati, amaqabunga, izimbali, sifanamsindvo.

Isakhiwo kwezicubu isitshalo: epidermis

isakhiwo sayo ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa omunye ungqimba timphawu tesakhiwo ivaliwe. Kulokhu, isikhala intercellular sishoda. I epidermis isuswe ngempela kalula futhi kuyinto esobala ifilimu elincanyana. Lokhu izicubu ophilayo, ehlanganisa ungqimba protoplast kwaba kancane kancane ne core kanye leucoplasts, a vacuole ezinkulu. Lesi sakamuva kuthatha cishe yonke cell. Udonga elingaphandle timphawu tesakhiwo we epidermis uqweqwe bese ohlangothini kwangaphakathi futhi - mncane. Lesi sakamuva babe ikhule ezimbotsheni. Injongo eyinhloko ye-epidermis kuyinto ukulawulwa transpiration kanye negesi lokushintshisana. It wenziwa ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisa stomata. compounds Inorganic namanzi ukungena ezimbotsheni. Ezahlukene plant cells we epidermis kukhona emasayizi nabobunjwa labehlukene. monocots Ziningi timphawu tesakhiwo, side ubude. Izitshalo eziningi dicotyledonous babe ezisemaceleni sinuous. Lokhu kwandisa kwabantu uxhumano yabo nomunye. Sakhiwo epidermis phezulu futhi phansi ishidi lihlukile. Kuhlwa stomata ezingaphezu kuka phezulu. Ngo izitshalo emanzini namahlamvu ezintantayo phezu (amanzi lily, amaqanda amaphilisi), has izici zayo siqu. Sinenkosi stomata abakhona kuphela engxenyeni engenhla plate. Kodwa ngo izitshalo, bacwiliswa ngokuphelele emanzini, ukwakha idatha azitholakali.

stomata

Lokhu kumiswa ezikhethekile kakhulu kule epidermis. Stomata aqukethe 2 Slots futhi niqaphe amaseli - kumiswa therebetween. timphawu tesakhiwo abe ukuma inhlendla. Bona alawule usayizi kumiswa slot-like. Ke, ngesikhathi, kungenzeka ivalwe futhi ngavula ngokuhambisana ingcindezi turgor ku izakhi ukukhiya kuncike lokuhlushwa carbon dioxide emkhathini nezinye izinto. Emini amaseli stomatal zinengxenye-photosynthesis. Phakathi nale nkathi, turgor ingcindezi uphakeme, ekwakhekeni evulekile umqhewu. Ebusuku kuba, kunalokho, ivaliwe. Lesi senzakalo saphawula nokuthi lapho komile, kanye wilting amahlamvu. Kuyinto ngenxa ikhono ukugcina ngaphakathi umswakama stomata.

izakhiwo Core

Parenchyma usesikhundleni iningi isikhala phakathi kwamanye amathishu unomphela empandni, izimpande kanye nezinye izitho plant. isakhiwo Basic ngokuyinhloko yakhiwe ngamangqamuzana aphilayo kokuba ezihlukahlukene bobunjwa. Amaseli kungenzeka, mncane-ngodonga, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kutholakala futhi uqweqwe, lignified, nge ikhule ezimbotsheni elula postennoy cytoplasm. Of parenchyma sakhiwa amahlamvu nezithelo uginindela, umnyombo rhizomes neziqu, amagxolo yabo. Kukhona subgroups eziningana kule izicubu. Ngakho, phakathi izakhiwo eziyinhloko zihlukaniswa: womoya, emiseleni, ukugcina kanye nokwenziwa. Imisebenzi ye-isitshalo kwezicubu kulesi sigaba aqukethe isitoreji compounds yokudla okunempilo.

chlorophyll parenchyma

Hlorenhima - nokwenziwa izicubu - isakhiwo lapho i-photosynthesis senzeka. izakhi zayo zihlukaniswa izindonga mncane. Them nanso is nucleus futhi chloroplast. Lesi sakamuva, njenge-cytoplasm, postenno elise. Hlorenhima itholakala ngqo ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Isikhathi esiningi it is bagxila kule abasha amahlumela oluhlaza kanye namahlamvu.

Aerenchyma

Indwangu womoya isakhiwo nge sezingeni elithuthukile izikhala intercellular kwezitho zomzimba ezahlukene. Ngaphezu kwakho konke kuyisici sobuntu exhaphozini, amanzi kanye namasiko amanzi ugu kabani izimpande odakeni elingenawo umoya-abampofu. Umoya ifinyelela izidumbu aphansi esebenzisa emizimbeni yokudlulisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana phakathi izikhala intercellular nasemkhathini eyalo pnevmatod eyinqaba. Aerenchyma ngenxa Ingxenye ye izitshalo kuyehla. Lokhu, ngokusobala, kuchaza ikhono aquaculture ukulondoloza isikhundla uqotho, kanti amacembe - ukuba phezu.

aquifers

Lokhu Indwangu igcina umswakamo sifanamsindvo namaqabunga izitshalo amnandi izitshalo nosawoti izindawo. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka, isibonelo, zihlanganisa Cacti, Jade, e-agave kanye Aloe nezinye. Ukuze yesibili - komthamariske, strobilaceum, hodgepodge, nabanye. athuthukiswe kahle lokhu asesibelethweni sphagnum moss.

ukuze isitokwe isakhiwo

Kulezi kwezicubu, esikhathini esithile ukuthuthukiswa isiko uqala ukubeka exchange of imikhiqizo. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, amafutha, carbohydrate, futhi abanye. Amaseli isitoreji kwezicubu, ngokuvamile mncane-ngabafaka. Ukwakheka kabanzi amelwe izimpande ewugqinsi ama, nezilimo eziyizigaxa, sifanamsindvo core, imbewu lwegciwane, endosperm, nezinye izindawo.

umshini nesembozo

Kwezicubu asekelayo abe uhlobo ukuqinisa noma "stereoma" (kusuka esiGrekini. "Solid", "okuhlala isikhathi eside"). Injongo eyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukumelana izakhiwo ashukumisayo okuseqophelweni static. Ngakho, izindwangu akheke eziqondile. Ngo izitshalo eliwumhlaba zingabantu okuthuthukile esigabeni Axial ihlumela - stem. Amaseli kungenzeka ahlelwe izindawo peripherally ehlukile noma isilinda okuqinile.

collenchyma

Kuyinto elula eyinhloko ukwesekwa Indwangu yeseli okuqukethwe bukhoma: cytoplasm, i-nucleus, ngezinye izikhathi chloroplast. Kunemikhakha emithathu collenchyma: okuxekethile, ipuleti bese engela. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa Kwenziwa ngokuhambisana nohlobo amaseli ukuqina. Uma emagumbini, isakhiwo yomumo, uma kuhambisana ebusweni ngesikhathi stem futhi iyunifomu ngokwanele, collenchyma ipuleti. Kwakheka okwakha meristem futhi itholakala ngaphansi epidermis at ibanga elilodwa noma ngaphezulu zamatshe ke.

sclerenchyma

Lokhu izicubu mechanical ubhekwa lalivamile. Siqukethe timphawu tesakhiwo enezindonga lignified futhi uqweqwe nombala slotted kanye pores e esincane. Sclerenchyma lamaseli isikhathi eside, basuke libhekene prozenhimnaya Umumo imikhawulo ezicijile.

Izinhlaka conductive

Lezi izindwangu yokuhamba izakhi zamakhemikhali. It wenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili. Transpiration (ngezansi) zamanje kanye nezixazululo aqueous nosawoti kuyinto tracheids nezitsha kusukela ezimpandeni amahlamvu kanye stem. Nokwenziwa (phansi) ezinyakazayo livela izingxenye engenhla ukuze komhlaba esebenzisa ekhethekile phloem ngesihlungo amashubhu. Indwangu conductive kungaba ngandlela-thile ongaqhathaniswa isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi labantu, ngoba osabalalayo futhi Axial inethiwekhi. Umsoco ukungena kuwo wonke amangqamuzana zomzimba.

Imicu yotshani secretory

izicubu Secretory - imfundo ekhethekile, unekhono ukugqamisa noma ukuhlukanisa uketshezi droplet imvelo kanye nemikhiqizo lokugayeka kokudla. izimfihlo Isibongo. Uma zivela isitshalo, ke uketshezi yangaphandle behileleka izicubu futhi uma iyekwa ngaphakathi - ngokulandelana bahlanganyele isakhiwo sangaphakathi. Ukwakhiwa imikhiqizo ketshezi ngenxa ulwelwesi umsebenzi futhi Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izimfihlo lolu hlobo zenzelwe ukuvikela izitshalo ekubhujisweni yizilwane, umonakalo by Amagciwane noma izinambuzane. Endocrine nezakhiwo ngesimo resin uhamba idioblast, elimnandi iziteshi mlechnikov, ezitsheni ngenxa yokugobhoza, nezinye izindlala.

Ithebula isitshalo kwezicubu