Phosphorus emzimbeni womuntu: ukubaluleka, umthelela

Biochemistry - biology ukuthi ufunda Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali amangqamuzana ngamanye futhi umzimba iyonke. Kuyaziwa ukuthi cishe u 98% okuqukethwe kuseli zihlanganisa nomoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen ne-hydrogen. La makhemikhali abizwa ngokuthi organogenic. 1.8% kukhona potassium, i-sodium, magnesium, chlorine ne phosphorus. Kubantu, bayingxenye usawoti amaminerali kanye isimo ion elula noma eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuhlinzeka inkambo evamile umzimba ukusabela. Ngokwesibonelo, kwakwakhe enkulu amaseli obhekene nokudluliswa izici zofuzo - acid nucleic - zimumethe anions kukhona anions of wali band acid.

I ATP-molecule ku lapho isofthiwe cell amandla sihlanganisa phosphorus ion. Kulesi sihloko, sethula izibonelo ukuthi uqinisekise indima ebalulekile phosphorus emzimbeni womuntu nemiphumela yayo umzimba.

Covalent izibopho polar nokubaluleka kwayo

Isakhiwo ngesisekelo izinto eziphilayo akha eziphilayo ndaba, yikhono we athomu uhlobo oluthile isibopho zamakhemikhali. Ibizwa ngokuthi covalent elimboze izindawo ezibandayo kanye ezivukayo phakathi ama-athomu nonmetal, inquma izici eziyisisekelo zamakhemikhali. Biochemistry, ukutadisha isakhiwo molecule izinto plant amaseli, isikhunta, izilwane, setha chemical yabo kwengoma. Kwavela ukuthi, ngaphandle nitrogen, carbon, womoya-mpilo ziqukethe phosphorus. Kubantu, ke ayitholakali isimo khulula, njengoba kuyintando enobuthi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ekuphileni izinhlelo isici ine uhlobo anions meta-, ortho- noma pyrophosphoric acid, unekhono izibopho zensimbi cations. Ngayiphi izinto ingabhekana amaseli?

Phosphorus e yezinhlayiya eziyinkimbinkimbi organic

Amaphrotheni nohlaka lwamathambo, amahomoni, amavithamini, futhi lipids ukwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi phosphorus-equkethe ion compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngo abantu kukhona compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi - futhi phospholipids fosfoproteidy, ezakha molecule izinto eziphila abakhuthele - enzyme steroid. Polar izibopho covalent e-DNA futhi RNA nucleotide uvumele kumiswa phosphodiester izibopho e nucleic acid ngamaketanga. Kungani isidingo phosphorus emzimbeni futhi yiziphi imisebenzi yayo umzimba? Okokuqala, ake sicabangele le ndaba emangqamuzaneni kwenhlangano.

Indawo phosphorus lichaza ekwakheni zokucathula amaseli

Ngokusho okuqukethwe kule cytoplasm futhi organelles (0.2-1%), okungezona metal endaweni yesine ngemuva izakhi organogenic. ayegcwele Iningi locomotor phosphorus compounds amaseli - osteocytes, amazinyo izicubu izidakamizwa - dentin. Mkhulu okuqukethwe kwabo sezinzwa glia, akha isimiso sezinzwa. Phosphorus ama-athomu eziqukethwe amaprotheni ulwelwesi, acid nucleic namandla izinto - adenosine triphosphate ATP futhi ifomu encishisiwe nikotinamiddinukleotidfosfata - NADP × H _2. Njengoba sibona umzimba womuntu phosphorus itholakala kuyo yonke izakhiwo kubaluleke kakhulu: amaseli, izicubu, izinhlelo bokuphila.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ezingeni weseli homeostasis, okuyinto uhlelo evulekile begazi incike lokuhlushwa ion ezihlukahlukene oketshezini intercellular futhi hyaloplasm. Yini umsebenzi phosphorus ekugcinweni njalo imvelo yangaphakathi zomzimba womuntu?

Uhlelo sesikhashana

Ngenxa impahla ngokusebenzisa yangaphandle ulwelwesi semipermeable esitokisini njalo uthola izinto ezihlukahlukene, emakamu eliphezulu kungathikameza kabi umsebenzi wayo. Ukuze iwukudambisa ngokweqile ion anobuthi, le cytoplasm, kanye cations sodium, i-potassium, i-calcium, iqukethe izinsalela esidi carbonate, sulfite, futhi acid wali band. Bayakwazi ukuxubana ngokweqile ion sabanjwa yezinyoni, futhi ulawule ukungaguquguquki lokuqukethwe intracellular. Uhlelo sesikhashana ngaphandle ion of acid ababuthakathaka, ngempela zihlanganisa anions HPO ₄ ^2- futhi H ₂ PO ₄ ^- aqukethe phosphorus. Kubantu, yakhiwa uhlelo sesikhashana inikeza Yiqiniso physiologically evamile ukusabela umzimba ezingeni amaselula.

oxidative phosphorylation

Wokuqhekeka organic compounds kuseli libizwa kwezimila aerobic. Indawo - the mitochondria. On emphethweni kwangaphakathi - cristae organelles - enzyme etholakala izakhiwo. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo ATPase yakhiwa molekuly- electron zenethiwekhi. Ngenxa ukusabela catalyzed ngu enzyme kusukela Adp futhi khulula wali band acid molecule kwemiqondo ATP - jikelele amaseli amandla ejenti kudliwe ukwanda kwabo, ukukhula, ezinyakazayo. Ukwakheka kwabo kungenziwa ejanyelwe ngaphakathi lula ukuphendula uhlelo: F = Adp + ATP. Khona-ke ama-molecule adenosinetriphosphate buthelela ku cytoplasm. Anjengesibani umthombo wamandla umsebenzi mechanical, isibonelo, uhlelo kwemisipha, futhi ukusabela exchange plastic. Ngakho-ke, i-phosphorus emzimbeni womuntu kunendima eyinhloko e amandla umzimba.

Phosphodiester izibopho ufuzo molecule

High-athomu phosphorus okuqukethwe silotshwe kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana, njengengxenye ilungu acid nucleic. Kwavulwa ngo usosayensi Swiss kwekhulu le-19 F. Miescher, zingabantu biopolymers sakhiwa monomers futhi - ama-nucleotide. Phosphorus likhona kokubili purine futhi pyrimidine lezisekelo, izixhumanisi obumba RNA iketango superhelix DNA. I monomers of acid nucleic uyakwazi ukwakha isakhiwo polymer yokukhiqizela izibopho covalent phakathi izinsalela pentose futhi wali band acid elele nucleotide eduze. Zibizwa ngokuthi phosphodiester. Ukucekelwa phansi kwezinga-DNA futhi RNA molecule okwenzeka amangqamuzana omuntu wadalula kanzima gamma ngemisebe noma ezinobuthi ngenxa ubuthi kungenxa ukudabuka of phosphodiester izibopho. It kuholela yokufa kwamangqamuzana engokwemvelo.

ulwelwesi yemvelo

Ukwakheka ngokuchaza i okuqukethwe ingaphakathi cell, futhi yakhiwa phosphorus. Ngo abantu-40% ngo-isisindo dry ewela compounds equkethe phospholipids futhi fosfoproteidy. Ziyakwazi ezinkulu ungqimba ulwelwesi, lapho kukhona izinto ezifana amaprotheni kanye carbohydrate. High phosphorus okuqukethwe ejwayelekile igobolondo neurocytes nezinqubo - dendrites futhi Axon. Phospholipids ulwelwesi ukunikeza plasticity, futhi sibonga amangqamuzana cholesterol ngisho namandla. Futhi ukudlala indima izithunywa yesibili - okuwuphawu molecule kukhona activators amaprotheni effector ehilelekile emsipheni ungacabanganga.

nezindlala Parathyroid kanye nendima yabo phosphorus umzimba

ipea Okufanayo elele kokubili iyizingxenye we indlala yegilo nokuba isisindo 0.5-0.8 g ngamunye, le ndlala parathyroid ukuze secrete i-hormone parathyroid. It ulawula exchange izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi calcium ne phosphorus emzimbeni. Imisebenzi zimi imiphumela yabo ku osteoblasts futhi osteocytes - amathambo emangqamuzaneni okuthiwa bathonywa ama-hormone aqala ukuba secrete usawoti wali band acid oketshezini extracellular. Lapho hyperfunction we nezindlala parathyroid lamathambo abantu uphelelwe amandla, ukuthambisa futhi ziwohloke, okuqukethwe phosphorus kuzo incipha ngokucijile. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-kwengozi waphuka yomgogodla, ukhalo nezinqulu, esongela ukuphila kwesiguli. Ngasikhathi sinye, okwandisa amanani calcium. Lokhu kuholela hypercalcemia zikhala nezinzwa neuropathy nokuwa lwamathambo imisipha ithoni. PTH izenzo izinso, ekunciphiseni reabsorption phosphorus nosawoti elivela emchamweni eyinhloko. Ukwandisa okuqukethwe phosphate kwezicubu izinso kubangela hyperphosphaturia futhi calculus kumiswa.

I amaminerali Ukwakheka kwamathambo izicubu

Nobulukhuni, amandla kanye kuyaqina kohlelo ukwesekwa incike Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ithambo amaseli. Osteocytes aqukethe njengoba organic compounds, isb ossein amaprotheni, futhi izinto wezinto ezingaphili equkethe phosphate nosawoti calcium ne-magnesium. Njengoba bekhula, umuntu izingxenye amaminerali ezifana hydroxylapatite e osteocytes futhi osteoblasts iyakhula. Okungavamile ithambo ezilamatshe aligugu, ekuqongeleleni calcium nosawoti ne phosphorus ngokweqile emzimbeni kuholela ekulahlekelweni kuyaqina kanye namandla we skeleton, ngakho abantu abadala kaningi basengozini yokulimala kanye waphuka.

Ukuguqulwa phosphorus compounds emzimbeni womuntu

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke indlala wokugaya ukudla emzimbeni womuntu - kwesibindi - odlale indima yokuhola ukusabela exchange compounds phosphorus-aqukethe. i-hormone Parathyroid futhi vitamin D nanesandla kilelihlelo. Le mfuneko nsuku zonke isici omdala 1,0-2, 0 amagremu, izingane kanye nabantu abasha - 2.5 phosphorus ngesimo nosawoti kalula digestible kanye izakhiwo kanye amaprotheni kanye carbohydrate emzimbeni womuntu livela ukudla.

They are gcwele of imbewu sunflower, ithanga, Hemp. Ngo ukudla okuvela ezilwaneni phosphorus kakhulu inkukhu kwesibindi, yenkomo, ushizi kanzima, inhlanzi. phosphorus okweqile emzimbeni bungabangela iziyaluyalu reabsorbtsionnoy umsebenzi kwezinso, kabi amavithamini, i-calcium ukuntula in ukudla. Umphumela ongemuhle phosphorus emzimbeni womuntu ngokuyinhloko esiboniswe lesion we senhliziyo uhlelo, izinso kanye bone-apharathasi begodu zingase zibonise ukuthi iziyaluyalu sina umzimba.