Feofan Grek: icon "Our Lady of the Don"

Ngo-1370 weza evela eByzantium, bafike bazinza Novgorod amathathu isithonjana umdwebi okuthiwa Theophane. Novgorod wamnika isidlaliso esiGrekini - futhi iyindawo lokuzalwa yayifana, futhi Russian izwi enkosini njalo kudidaniswe esiGrekini. Lapho uyokubusisa, waqala yokudweba isimo isonto eyayimi Ilyina emgwaqweni, yabonisa emangele phambi kwamehlo Novgorod nezithombe ezinhle zamabutho sasendulo ukuthi kuvikelwe kuye inkazimulo, hhayi pomerknuvshaya kuze kube namuhla.

Iconographer s Bosfora osogwini olusenyakatho

On ukuphila Feofana Greka wahlala ukwaziswa okuncane. Kuyaziwa ukuthi waya Volkhov kuya iVolga e Nizhny Novgorod, sabe Serpukhov futhi Kolomna, kwaze kwaba yilapho ekugcineni wahlala eMoscow ezaziwayo. Kodwa yonke indawo, nomaphi lapho uqondiswa ngezinyawo, eshiya amathempeli kahle ngesineke screen ezincwadini zesonto nezimpawu abaye baba imodeli ongenakuwufinyelela izizukulwane eziningi abaculi.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kusukela esikhathini lapho wayehlala futhi esebenza Feofan Grek, sasinjalo emakhulwini ayisithupha, siye ngasinda eziningi imisebenzi yakhe. Le Umdwebo sekushiwo Novgorod Bandla isimo, kanye nemidwebo on ezindongeni ezibiyele ababhishobhi - Ingelosi Eyinhloko futhi Annunciation futhi iSonto Ukuzalwa KukaKristu Our Lady sika. Kodwa ngaphandle ukuthi endaweni yengcebo yobuciko kazwelonke uhlanganisa ebhaliwe ibhulashi lakhe isithonjana, edume kakhulu okuyinto umfanekiso Blessed Virgin Mary, wehlela emlandweni ngokuthi "The Virgin we Don."

Isipho Prince Dmitry Donskoy

On umlando lo wizadi edume kunazo waqhubeka kangako ukuthi phakathi a baxgeki kuvezwa imibono ehlukahlukene ngosuku nendawo yokuloba yayo. Kukhona ngisho abagxeki, uzama ziphikisana ngokuthi ngubani owabhala Theophanes (ku umbono wabo, ubuso ongcwele zaveza ngomunye abafundi bakhe). Nokho, isikhathi eside kwakukhona isiko ukuba ngokulinganayo esekelwe izinto zomlando e emasikweni adluliselwa ngomlomo, owawuthi ke Feofan Grek wadala Kulokhu, yenze njalo kuze 1380.

Kungani becabanga kanjalo? Impendulo ingatholakala ku "incazelo komlando eMoscow Donskoy Monastery", ihlanganiswe ngo-1865 yi-odumile mlando I. E. Zabelinym. Emakhasini alo, umlobi ucaphuna wesandla wasendulo, ukhuluma kanjani ngaphambi Battle of Kulikov Cossacks alethwe Grand Duke Dmitriyu Donskomu umfanekiso Blessed Virgin Mary, okuyothi kakhulu 'indlovukazi yamazulu' Unikeze Orthodox amandla nesibindi ibutho at ekunqobeni amashinga.

Mayelana indawo Don uNina kaNkulunkulu ngemva kokunqotshwa Mamaia ku Kulikovo ensimini e 1380, kukhona imibono eyayisinesikhathi eziningana. I cishe eziningi it ibhekwa njengeBhayibheli elilodwa isithombe ongcwele phezu kweminyaka emibili namashumi ayisikhombisa, yayigcinwe endaweni wezindela Assumption Cathedral Simonov yena lalotshwa lapho okuthiwa ngaphansi kwazo. Akukhona ukuthi kumane kuqondane, njengoba isithonjana kabili emaceleni, futhi emhlane waso kulotshiwe yesehlakalo kweNyuka ka UnguNina KaNkulunkulu ku abavamile Orthodox esiyinhlanganisela izixazululo.

Isithonjana - UMvikeli baseRussia

Okulandelayo mkhuba eliqhakazile isithonjana, okuyinto yatholwa Dmitry Donskoi phambi Battle of Kulikov, libhekisela 1552, lapho beya umkhankaso wakhe onqobayo ngokumelene Kazan Khanate, wakhuleka phambi lokhu isithonjana Tsar Ivan le Kubi. Njengoba ucele waseZulwini Advocate ukusekelwa wakhe, wathatha kanye laye futhi isithombe zaveza ngu Theophanes esiGrekini, wabuya futhi embeka Ingelosi Eyinhloko Cathedral of the Kremlin. Ehamba isithonjana yenkosi, futhi umkhankaso wakhe wokulwa Polotsk e 1563.

Ngakho ukuthi kwakuwajabulisa 'indlovukazi yamazulu', ukuthi isithombe ngokuyisimangaliso "Our Lady of the Don" wabonakala kwanika abaseRussia amandla izikhathi novivinyo sina lempi, wokugxilisa kuzo isibindi futhi abusise ibutho Orthodox. Kwathi 1591, lapho Throne Okokuqala wasondela izindimbane ezingenakubalwa lwesiTatar Khan Kazi Giray II. Kakade kusukela ukuphakama Vorobyovy Hills, zibheke amehlo okuzingela yenhloko-dolobha isiRashiya, kodwa Muscovites baye lakhishwa lombhishobhi Don isithonjana UnguNina KaNkulunkulu, wahamba udwendwe wakhe izindonga zomuzi, 'futhi ifinyeleleke nesitha.

Ngakusasa ngo-August 19, babulawa esibi cross kwesigaba ibutho Tatar Khan, futhi ekanye izinsalela amanxusa akhe ngokulambisa futhi wabuya ngokuyisimangaliso eCrimea. Sonke lesi sikhathi Don isithonjana UnguNina KaNkulunkulu kwaba esontweni regimental, futhi akekho okwadingeka sanoma yikuphi ukungabaza ukuthi kwaba intercession sakhe kwasiza ukushayela isitha kusuka inhlabathi Russian.

Kukhunjulwa kunqoba okukhulu endaweni ayekuyo ngesikhathi Battle of the isonto regimental, eyasungulwa Isigodlo okuyinto lithole igama Don. Ngenxa yalesi sezindela esisha senziwa uhlu nge isithonjana ngokuyisimangaliso, okwakunginika ke igama layo, bese wamiswa usuku celebration wayo vsetserkovnogo - 19 Agasti (1 Septhemba). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, Our Lady of the Don is ohlonishwa njengomholi umvikeli wasezulwini bezwe Russian kusukela bonke abeza kuye ngenkemba.

King, pawn Nezinkinga

Lapho, ngo- 1589, ngemva kokufa Tsar Fodora Ioannovicha - uyindodana yesithathu ku-internet Ivana Groznogo, waphazanyiswa Rurik lwamakhosi eRussia, futhi isihlalo sobukhosi esingenalutho waya Borisu Godunovu, le Umbhishobhi omkhulu wokuqala eMoscow All Russia , uJobe wambusisa inkosi yalesi isithonjana ethile. Nokho, uBoris umthetho Loti nabaka Abram baxabana. It kwaqondana nge sikhathi esinzima emlandweni isiRashiya, elika Isikhathi Nezinkinga.

Ngemva kokuchitha iminyaka eyisikhombisa ngesikhathi inhloko yesizwe edwengulwe kokubili kokungenela angaphandle kanye tembangave yangaphakathi, inkosi ifa e 1605, ngaphambi nje kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ubudala nantathu. Indawo uhlezi zenkosi oshonile kwaba ezibiyele sika Ekulu Cathedral, lapho itshe lethuna lakhe ngokudabukisayo abukela esuka odongeni ebusweni Don isithonjana UnguNina KaNkulunkulu, yena muva nje, ngaphansi engapheli ikhala of izinsimbi, wafunga ukwethembeka elingaphandle wobaba.

Ukuqala wokubusa uPetru mina

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ekuqaleni wokubusa uPetru mina Russia ilwa Turkey, eyathatha iminyaka eyishumi nane uye waba yingxenye European IMpi Enkulu Turkish. Zabangelwa umkhankaso yebutho Russian eCrimea. Wabhekisa amabombo ngu umngane walo ezithembekile EnguMbusi Prince Vasiliy vasilevich Golitsyn.

Isithonjana "Our Lady of the Don" bahamba naye ngesikhathi lonke umkhankaso, elaba-Russia sizi futhi zibiza izisulu zakhe eziningi. Kodwa lokulabhela UnguNina KaNkulunkulu, nokubonisa ukuzithiba ngokusebenzisa isithombe ebeligciniwe etendeni omkhulu, wasiza Warriors, siqala nge ukulahlekelwa esindayo, kodwa ukubuyela ekhaya, kokuqeda umsebenzi ayeyabelwe izibopho azihlanganisa. Iminyaka yokugcina yekhulu XVII isithombe ngokuyisimangaliso agcinwe kule emakamelweni udadewabo uPetru mina Natalia Alekseevna Tsarina, lapho imifanekiso eminingi ubudala, futhi lapho kamuva sidluliselwe Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin zathathwa.

Isiphetho wesithombe XVIII futhi XIX eminyaka.

Esikhathini XVIII futhi XIX eminyaka, isithonjana esetshenziswa nokudunyiswa ethandwa. Wathandaza futhi wabhala namazwi okudumisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umfanekiso odumile esikhungweni amanoveli amaningi tindzaba letimfisha, ezinye zazo ezibonisa izenzakalo zangempela, imininingwane yayo zithathelwe imithombo documentary, njengengxenye isithelo umcabango abantu, owayefuna ukuveza uthando nokubonga kwabo waseZulwini Mediatrix.

Umhlobiso isithonjana engawayekanga izimali. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukuba Napoleon ayehlasela isithombe laligcwele iholo ocebile ngamatshe ayigugu. Amatshe intshontshiwe yi isiFulentshi, futhi ngemva kokuxoshwa kwabo e kwakumane Uhlaka igolide isithonjana ukuthi abaphangi aphanjaniswe zethusi.

Art izici imifanekiso

Kulotshiwe ebhodini nendawo 86h68 cm. Ukukhuluma izici umfanekiso iconographic, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi uphawu "Don Virgin" sibhekisela ohlotsheni eyamukelwa art uMarian imifanekiso "Nesisa", okuyisici sici kwakwakhe ubhekene Virgin Ingane yakhe okuPhakade. Kodwa ukubaluleka zenkolo esivela izithonjana lolu hlobo kudlulela ngalé izigcawu kwansuku, esibonisa umama uthando ingane yakhe ngekhanda.

Kulokhu inikeza inkulumo okubonakalayo nemfundiso yenkolo, okuyinto ichaza ubuhlobo uMdali azinika indalo yaKhe. UmBhalo ukhuluma of enjalo uthando olungenamkhawulo kaNkulunkulu kubantu ukuze amsindise wokufa kwaphakade, waze wanikela ngeNdodana yakhe ezelwe yodwa.

solemnity enamathiselwe izibalo Special manje sekulahlekile ingemuva segolide ezazinemithetho ayeveza Virgin Ingane. It engafakwanga kahle futhi gilding owawuhlanganisa halos, kodwa ngenhlanhla, ubuso kanye izingubo ezisekhona zisesimweni esihle.

Compositional nombala imifanekiso

isithombe esiyinhlanganisela isinqumo sasivumela evamile imifanekiso yalesi ezamukela enguqulweni (izinhlobo okukakhenoni). Virgin Mary igudla indodana yakhe ngihlezi ethangeni lakhe futhi ebambelele esihlathini sakhe. Ingane Okuphakade uvezwa vozdevshim ngakwesokunene esibusisweni kwathi isandla sakhe sobunxele uphethe umqulu.

Isithonjana Feofana Greka ihlukile kwezinye izithombe yesithombe ezamukela enguqulweni nqunu Bogomladentsa imilenze kwamadolo esekelwe esihlakaleni kwesokunxele Virgin. Emphethweni esehlanganise isambatho sakhe ocher - izingubo, kugcizelelwa inethiwekhi ezifekethisiweyo igolide imigqa, esungulwe ngokuhlanganyela umbala lendwangu nangezindlela blue ukubukeka onesizotha futhi zemikhosi. Liyanezela umbono jikelele zegolide lace, constricting umqulu.

Ngokulinganayo nenhle futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo nge touch of izikhulu emelelwa izambatho Virgin. isiphuku sakhe engenhla - mafory - kwenziwe amnyama cherry imibala, zalungisa enomngcele igolide, ehlotshiswe umphetho. Three igolide izinkanyezi, ngokwesiko ukukhonza umhlobiso wakhe umhlobiso, kukhona umuzwa luyingxenye uqhosha. Bafanekisela ubuntombi kwaphakade UnguNina KaNkulunkulu - ngaphambi, phakathi nangemva kokuzalwa kukaJesu.

Ngeziphambeko kusukela canons WaseByzantium

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngokwendlela baxgeki kakhulu, umdwebi Feofan Grek (imvelaphi WaseByzantium) emsebenzini wakhe wenza okungaphezu emasikweni ezimisiwe esikoleni omkhulu waseConstantinople, okuyinto master akazange abavuma ucwaningo zokudala kuphula canons. Don isithonjana Our Lady iyisibonelo esivelele.

Ukuze wenze izici zobuso Virgin ubungqabavu enkulu ngekukhula umculi ivumela ezinye asymmetry e indawo emlonyeni nasemehlweni. Abenzi lutho zifana, kokubili imifanekiso ye WaseByzantium okuyinhloko, futhi zitholakala kwi-eksisi phezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlomo kancane offset ngakwesokudla.

Le mininingwane obonakala ungelutho, wasebenzisa ngumlobi endaweni izinjongo luyingxenye lobuchwepheshe Nokho, babeyizisulu kokunikezwa kwe-canons eyasungulwa iSonto waseConstantinople futhi eByzantium babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli kungamukeleki. Futhi abaningi izibonelo ezinjalo esikhathini imifanekiso kanye nemidwebo, okuyinto wabhala Feofan Grek. "Our Lady of the Don" - ungomunye wabo.

Okuphambene uhlangothi isithonjana

isithakazelo Mkhulu futhi ohlangothini flip ebhodini, oluveza Assumption - isithonjana, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, Duplex. Imidwebo ezigcinwe kangcono kakhulu kunokuba ebusweni. Kusobala esifundekayo ngisho umbhalo oqoshiwe ezicashile usebenzile vermilion. Kungenzeka ukuthi wayengowasebukhosini nendima isithonjana kanye iholo wangaphambili, bathunjwa-French e 1812, okuyinto siyisikhumbuzo ngowukuphela esekhona igolide uzimele isithonjana.

Lapho ubuka isithombe ukungabi olugqamile izakhi bendabuko endaweni yesehlakalo. Master akufakwanga ukubunjwa evamile ezimweni ezinjalo, izithombe zezingelosi, wenyuka abaphostoli, abesifazane kanye nezinye izimfanelo eziningi ezifanayo lusizi. Central uyisihluthulelo likaJesu Kristu ephethe omncane zapelenovannuyu sibalo, efanekisela umphefumulo kwaphakade Virgin.

Ngaphambi sibalo kaKristu embhedeni ukuphumula isidumbu the Virgin, sizungezwe izibalo abaphostoli abayishumi nambili nababhishobhi ezimbili - ababekhona, ngokwemiBhalo, wafa ngesikhathi kufa Virgin Mary. Libhekene izingxenye ezimbili, okuyizinto Inkulumo wemihlangano yokutholwa iconography: isakhiwo ibekwe phezu imiphetho isithonjana kusho ukuthi lesi simo senzeka endlini, nesibani bazibeke phambi embhedeni of the Virgin Mary - uphawu ukuphila eshabalalayo.

Impikiswano zabhalwa isithonjana

Kuyinto isici yesehlakalo ukuboniswa ohlangothini reverse isithonjana, athwala ukuphambuka kucace kusuka emasikweni art WaseByzantium. Lokhu kuqala ukukhombisa ubuso kwabaphostoli, isici bancishwa waseConstantinople amasiko izici ahlukile. Njengoba kugcizelelwe ngemisebenzi yakhe, izazi eziningi Feofana Greka, basuke ngokuya elinesimo izici luyingxenye ongumlimi ovamile phakathi kwabantu abavamile.

Akumangalisi ukuthi umehluko amaningi imisebenzi by Feofana Greka canons zaseByzantium yamasiko obuciko udale inani baxgeki bangabaza ubuqambi yemisebenzi isibaluli kuye. umbonwabo ndlela kuyaqondakala ngoba loMfula umculi Bosphorus hhayi kuphela abazalwa, kodwa futhi sekukhona njengokaputeni iconography - umuntu akufanele ukhohlwe ukuthi wafika Russia kudala njengoba engu-amathathu.

brushwork lakhe eduze esikoleni Novgorod kuka WaseByzantium lwakubo. ingxoxo zisetshenziswa ngale ndaba bengayeki kuze kube yilolu suku, kodwa wabusa umbono wokuthi, ngokuba ezweni elisha ngaye zinethuba ukubona imifanekiso eminingi ubudala adalwe amakhosi isiRashiya, umculi asetshenziswa emsebenzini wakhe izici zabo.

Ikhophi edume kunazo isithonjana

Kuyaziwa ukuthi phakathi wonke umlando omude wesizwe isithonjana nohlu eziningana wakhe zenziwe. Owokuqala kuyo sihlehlela kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XIV. It yadalwa ngomyalo umzala Dmitry Donskoy - Prince uVladimir Andreyevich, futhi ehlotshiswe esiliva gilt iholo kwaba isipho sakhe ngoZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu Lavra.

Kulezi zikhathi Ivana Groznogo oda lakhe lase eyenziwa izinhlu ezimbili, enye yazo ithunyelwa Kolomna, kamuva elahlekile, kanye nezinye, afakwe kweNyuka Cathedral, walondoloza kuze kube yilolu suku. Lapho waseZulwini umvikeli e 1591 wasiza Muscovites kubonise ayehlasela Khan Giray, ngaso leso sikhathi lapho bema esontweni regimental yasungulwa Donskoy Monastery ke ngaye wenza esinye uhlu yesithombe ngokuyisimangaliso. Kukhona namakhophi ambalwa isikhathi kamuva.

Donskoy Monastery ikheli kanye ithikithi ezokuthutha wendawo

nenkathi yamaSoviet waba isigaba esisha emlandweni Don uNina kaNkulunkulu. Kusukela ngo-1919, lesi sibalo likhona ukuqoqwa Tretyakov Igalari. Lapha-ke ingenye eziphawuleka kakhulu nemibukiso ingxenye Old Umdwebo Russian. Kanye ngonyaka, ngosuku vsetserkovnogo ukugubha kwakhe, isithombe uthunyelwe Donskoy Monastery (ikheli :. eMoscow, Don Square 1-3), lapho ngaphambi kokuba isifika izimfundiso onesizotha, okuletha ndawonye izinkulungwane zabantu. Wonke umuntu, nokuba ngalesi sikhathi e Moscow, ufuna ukuthatha ingxenye kuwo, angangena esigodlweni, waphuma esiteshini Shabolovskaya.

It is ngephutha lena umfanekiso Virgin Ubusisiwe uyawuthanda uthando okhethekile ovela abaseRussia. Njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, kuba kuwo wonke umlando kuye kwahlotshaniswa sezakhiwo of izingalo abavikeli Lezwe, futhi ngalo 'indlovukazi yamazulu' kuyinto ngokuphindaphindiwe Ludu Orthodox usizo lokulabhela.