Anthropology: Iyini isayensi yomuntu?

Isihloko oyinhloko anthropology - kumuntu ngawo wonke zako. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu kukhona eziningana eyala sangaphakathi isayensi. Anthropology wehlukaniswa iziqephu ku zefilosofi, kwamasiko, ngokomzimba, kwezenhlalo, nokunye. D. Bonke ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene wafunda emvelweni yomuntu.

Umsuka wenkulumo ethi

Igama elithi "anthropology" elisuka ngesiGreki. Endulo, elithi yayidumile phakathi zefilosofi Hellenic nososayensi. Kukholakala ukuthi izwi waqamba ngu-Aristotle, owaphila BC IV leminyaka. e. Kulokhu, isazi sefilosofi kwakusho anthropology njengoba isayensi ukuthi study kuba nesidingo sezinto ezingokomoya ekuphileni kwabantu.

Nale gama lalisetshenziselwa ezihlukahlukene olwalusikisela ongqondongqondo abadumile. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kwawo kwakukhona Kant, ngubani yayinesithakazelo kakhulu anthropology. Kuyini isidalwa esingumuntu, iyiphi indawo zabantu emhlabeni - zonke lezi futhi abaningi mibuzo neminye ezaphakanyiswa sefilosofi German kanye nebangani bakhe. Noma kunjalo, ezweni humanities yesimanje kuba umbono evelele ukuthi igama elithi "anthropology zefilosofi" osebenza ku isikole ukuthi sekukhona ekhulwini XX. Futhi ngomqondo yesibili, ihlanganisa umsebenzi ongqondongqondo nangenkathi odlule.

anthropology zefilosofi

Kuyisidingo anthropology zefilosofi kukhona zakudala German ukushicilelwa sefilosofi sazi Max Shelera. Lokhu "isikhundla Elomuntu emkhathini," "Mayelana angunaphakade indoda" nokunye. D.

Scheler izincwadi ezalotshwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, futhi baye bahlanganyela nakho kubasekeli yesayensi kwekhulu odlule. abacwaningi German ozama uphendule umbuzo othi, Uyini umoya womuntu. anthropology zefilosofi, phakathi kwezinye izinto okuthanda inkolo. Ngesisekelo labantu, ngokwezinto Scheler, ngumoya ngomqondo ebanzi izwi. Siqukethe imizwelo engokwemvelo, nobungqabavu kanye imibono ehlukene.

Scheler uye wathonya ongqondongqondo abaningi bekhulu XX, okuyinto ngandlela-thile ensimini ocwaninga ngenhlalo yabantu zefilosofi. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona lo abaphika Russian: Andrey Bely, uNikolai Berdyaev, uSergei Bulgakov, .. Leo Karsavin njll Laba bacwaningi sengifunde inkinga ocwaninga ngenhlalo yabantu, esekelwe izifundo ezihlobene: kwabantu, ethology, biology kanye psychology. Into zocwaningo kwazo kwakukhona umuntu owayeyoba. anthropology zefilosofi namuhla has izikole eziningi theory esekelwe emibhalweni yawo.

anthropology ngokomzimba

Ngo ngaphezulu ijwayelekile umqondo ongelutho, igama elithi "anthropology" libhekisela anthropology ngokomzimba. Lokhu izifundo zesayensi indoda kusukela umbono kwezinhlobo: oyiyo, ubudlelwane nemvelo kanye nezici umzimba.

ERussia, le-anthropology ngokomzimba owaqala ekhulwini XVIII, sibonga uPetru I. Russian Tsar eyakhelwe Museum wokuqala kuleli zwe - iKhabhinethi of Curiosities, lapho kwakukhona nemibukiso eminingi komzimba. UPetru waba nentshisekelo kule isayensi ngemva kokuvakashela eYurophu ngaleso sikhathi "I-embasi Omkhulu". -incognito EnguMbusi wavakashela zinkulumo anatomists Dutch futhi izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu.

kwaba ukuhlanganisa indaba eningi eRussia sokuthuthukiswa isayensi yomuntu. Ekhulwini XVIII ngenkuthalo ziphenywe futhi ikoloni eSiberia. Ngezinye izikhala elalivuliwe owakhiwe abamele amaqembu amancane esiyingqayizivele yobuhlanga. Umholi bomkhankaso abangu ezinemininingwane akhawunti anthropological yezimpilo zabo, okuyinto ke waya Petersburg amanyuvesi aseYurophu. Phakathi kwalezi abacwaningi abangu UStepan Krashennikov, uPetru uPallas, nokunye .. Abaningi kubo ongowesinye isizwe, abakhuthalele baqashwe Romanovs ngenxa yokuntuleka e-indlu ngobuchule.

Anthropology eRussia

Futhi emlandweni Russian ocwaninga ngenhlalo yabantu sifaka imisebenzi zezazi ahlukahlukene aseRussia. Alexander Radishchev, Udume kakhulu indaba yakhe "Uhambo kusuka Petersburg eMoscow", naye wafundelwa emvelweni yomuntu. Ngo Ilimsk ekudingisweni wabhala incwadi ethi indatshana ezibalulekile "Ngo Man, Nokufa yakhe futhi Sokungafi" okuyinto kuhlangene anthropology abstract zefilosofi ngokomzimba.

Ndawonye namakhomanisi nakancane UNikolai Chernyshevsky awuzibe umbuzo indawo abantu emhlabeni. Yena iqhutshelwe phambili isikole wefilosofi, sokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo. Iphinde babonakalisa anthropology zobuhlanga. Kuyini isizwe, uhlanga - konke uhlupho izingqondo abacwaningi kwekhulu XIX. Socialist, efana Chernyshevsky ekholelwa ukuthi zonke umehluko nekusasa lezizwe kwenzeka ngenxa uchungechunge lwezenzakalo zomlando, kunokuba umehluko zemvelo zobuhlanga.

Cultural and Social Anthropology

Esinye isiyalo (kwamasiko noma anthropology zenhlalo) ngokuyinhloko uhlola amasiko nemikhuba yezizwe ezahlukene. ERussia, babamba iqhaza elikhulu kule isayensi ukwenze UNikolai Maclay, owayefundelwa emazweni ahlukahlukene eMpumalanga. Wakwazi ukufinyelela ngisho abantu ezikude Oceania ngesikhathi, ngisho nalapho kungekho muntu unesithakazelo kakhulu endleleni yabo yokuphila. Izindatshana zakhe zibé izinsika kubacwaningi kwimikhakha ehlukene.

Noma kunjalo, kwamasiko (noma zenhlalo) anthropology laliba ngemva Maclay. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, lokhu isayensi wazalwa sibonga izincwadi Leo Frobeniusa, uRuthe Benedict, Frantsa Boasa, Marcel Mauss, njll Uma e-United States ethandwa igama elithi "anthropology kwamasiko" e-UK - .. "anthropology Social". Uyini -anthropology kwamasiko? Kusekelwe olwazini yemvelo ngomuntu ngesikhathi esifanayo iveze imibono nemagugu zamukelwa emasikweni ahlukene.

Ukufana nge Ethnology

anthropology Cultural is wesayensi nge Ethnology, okuyinto kancane ebanzi maphambili imibuto letawulandzela ezihlobene. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni ahlukahlukene, lokhu ukufana samukelwe noma sinqatshelwe ngendlela yabo. Ngokuthakazelisayo, eRussia ngenxa yefa Soviet walondoloza isiko ukuze ushayele le ethnography isayensi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo isayensi IsiZulu cishe akazange asebenzise igama elithi "Ethnology", kodwa kunalokho ethandwa "anthropology kwamasiko". Uyini cwaningo yomuntu ngoba abacwaningi Western? Ngenxa kwembulunga yonke futhi ngokuvulela zomhlaba namuhla, ososayensi yesimanje bamunye imibhalo yabo ezihlukahlukene ulwazi kwakhiwa emasikweni ezingafani, esiza ukuthatha bahlole emvelweni yomuntu.