Uyini uhlelo lwemvelo bemvelo (biology)

Kusukela esikhathini komlando wasendulo, umuntu aye wazama ukuthola incazelo ejulile yalawo izimiso zomhlaba futhi uthole impendulo yombuzo othi kuyini ubunjalo uhlelo lwemvelo. Wayeqonda - emhlabeni liyavumelana futhi wahlela ngokuvumelana nemithetho ethile. Cabanga ebaluleke kakhulu isayensi yemvelo amasistimu organic emhlabeni, wadala ngesikhathi izenzakalo ezingokomlando komphakathi wesintu.

Ukwahlukaniswa lokuqala engokwemvelo yezinto eziphilayo

Kwahlongozwa yi izazi Greek - uyise ka biology - Aristotle. Ukusebenzisa indlela kokuqhathanisa izinhlamvu morphological kanye yokwakheka, edala ngezigaba isilwane futhi wabeka isisekelo sokuba ikusasa eyala yemvelo - systematics. Impendulo ka-Aristotle yombuzo kuyini ubunjalo uhlelo lwemvelo, ufunde kanje: emhlabeni uyahlukaniswa abe imibuso emibili - ezingaphili futhi vusa nemvelo. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, hierarchically esakhiwe, ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni bese - kumuntu.

Buka - taxon aphansi eziphilayo

Siyaqhubeka ukuthola izimpendulo zemibuzo yakho, yini uhlobo uhlelo lwemvelo. Ngo biology, kwencazelo isakhiwo zomhlaba kulandela - it is ngokulandelana ngaphambilini ekubizweni yokuqothulwa futhi ekhona okwamanje eziphilayo, kanye nokusabalalisa ngokwemikhosi yabo kwakuwukuthi phezulu futhi ahlobene taxa - amayunithi ngezigaba. Eyokuqala ukubukeka. It ukhonza njengelungu legumbi taxonomy yesimanje.

Uhlelo Linnaean zomhlaba organic

Kwakuthinta zavela ngo-1735 e-abadumile ukusebenza "Systema Naturae". Karl Linney, eqinisekisa izifundo D. uRay Buffon, iyunithi uthatha uhlobo ngezigaba. Ngenxa creationist, iyakholelwa ukuthi zinhlobo njalo ezingaguquki. Usosayensi inikeza ngesilwane esifuywayo kanambambili lapho zonke izinto eziphilayo ukuphila inikezwa igama ehlanganisa amagama amabili, isibonelo: .. Indoda ecabangelayo, indoda Ukugunda, edlelweni Buttercup, njll Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke zonke izazi zezinto eziphilayo zisebenzisa amagama kanambambili zinhlobo, futhi uhlelo lwemvelo imvelo imfundo eziyinkimbinkimbi izakhi kabani kuhlobene, isb. e. zingabantu subsystems.

ukushiyana kwezidalwa kunilungele zomhlaba organic kwahlongozwa kaC Onomusa. Lalihlanganisa imibuso: izitshalo, izilwane kanye namaminerali, nakho wahlukanisa ku amayunithi superordinate - zilwane, izizukulwane, ama-oda. Ngokwesibonelo: umbuso isitshalo zahlukaniswa 24 amakilasi, nalabo - amayunithi 116 ngesisekelo nokwakheka gametophyte futhi Izitho zokuzala - futhi archegonium antheridium.

Uhlelo yemvelo bemvelo nenhlekelele theory

Eminent semvelo French Georges Cuvier ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 eyingoduso ocwaningweni emkhakheni anatomy ngokuqhathanisa ne-paleontology. Amaqiniso etholwe kuzovumela ososayensi ukuveza umqondo wokuthi, kamuva, base bafakwa ngesisekelo bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe siqu, ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo "yini mbambambamba uhlelo lwemvelo." Impendulo emfushane kanje - kwakuwukuthi yakhiwe phezu kwesimiso isakhiwo ukushiyana kwezidalwa ehlanganisa ezahlukene isakhiwo kanye ukuphila izinqubo zezinto eziphilayo.

Fossils babe ubufakazi yokuthi phakathi izinto eziphilayo nezanamuhla eziphilayo, azikho amafomu zesikhashana. Cuvier nabalandeli bakhe okubangelwa ukushabalala amaqembu wonke kwezilwane, ezifana giant izibankwa esincelisayo-like, kubhekwe cyclical nenhlekelele Geological ukuthi lanyakazisa umhlaba. Nokho, ososayensi abanamathela ukubukwa kwemvelo, wagxeka imfundiso ka Cuvier. Ekugcineni, umehluko phakathi izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zanyamalala nge ukuvela imisebenzi sikaCharles Darwin futhi A. Uolessa ngokuphathelene umsuka zilwane.

hypothesis Lamarck sika yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Usosayensi French Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, eyokuqala eziphikisayo indlela eziguquguqukayo ukudalwa uhlelo lwemvelo bemvelo evelele ngenkathi imibono ngendalo. Wabhala umsebenzi multivolume "French Flora", uhlelo ngezigaba ezingenamgogodla, isasetshenziswa. Wabuye, kanye Treviranus, igama elithi "biology" kwahlongozwa. Encwadini yakhe ethi 'Ifilosofi emayelana nezilwane "Lamarck sichaza ukuthi siyini isimo uhlelo lwemvelo, okusekelwe embonweni wokuthi izinto eziphilayo babe mishini ewusizo ngenxa yethonya zezemvelo.

Ngamagama zanamuhla zamagciwane abulalayo, amandla main ashukumisa ukuvela imvelo Lamarck babekholelwa non-lezinceku - Ukuguqulwa kokuhlukana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto Lamarck, wambeka lapho umuntu e esihlahleni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo wezinkawu, futhi inqubo yentuthuko bemvelo, wayemelela njengoba kwetintfo kwenhlangano ka eziphilayo ngu ukushiyana kwezidalwa.

KaDarwin - imfundiso yokuziphendukela noma umbono?

Umqondo oyisisekelo yini mbambambamba uhlelo lwemvelo, kwencazelo okuyinto sahunyushelwa ngu Amathrendi ezahlukene biology ngezindlela eziningi, sanikwa "The Origin of Species Ngokuhlakanipha of Natural Selection" emsebenzini esikhathini sikaCharles Darwin. Kusukela 1859 kwaqala inkathi entsha ekuthuthukiseni yomlando izifundo zemvelo. Uhlelo engokwemvelo imvelo uye kuye kwabhekwa njengento ngezigaba, okubonisa ushintsho kancane kancane kwezinto eziphilayo, izizukulwane, futhi amakilasi lonke eziphilayo bedle ukushintshashintsha zofuzo ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo.

Imibono esashiwo Darwin, kwembule izingxenye ezimbili: eyokuqala - siphethe ngokuthini ngemfundiso yokuthi impahla kwemvelo nokunye yesibili - isifundiso amabutho ukushayela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Darwin ngamnyama amafomu ezintathu umzabalazo khona, okuyinto isisekelo kwemvelo: intraspecific, interspecific ukulwa izici ezingezinhle abiotic. Ukukhetha Natural kuqinisekisa ekulondolozweni kwezinhlobo eziningi bazivumelanisa nezimo ezithile endaweni yazo. ukushintshashintsha bofuzo ngokukhetha ukhetha abantu abamukele ngenxa yezinguquko, izimpawu ezintsha sokupha engqondweni izinzuzo sokusinda. Classic kaDarwin okwamanje inikeza isimiso esibanzi ukubukwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo on ukuthuthukisa izilwane zasendle.

hypothesis Zokwenziwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Ngaphezu kwalokho izifundo zofuzo olwenziwa phakathi nekhulu lama-20, wanikeza isisekelo sokubona ukudalwa hypothesis zokwenziwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuyinto wanika impendulo yombuzo othi, yini mbambambamba uhlelo lwemvelo eziphilayo. Amazwibela ngakho lokhu - ukuhlukahluka zilwane isakhiwo ngokomthetho ukuthi kusekelwe isimiso kwakuwukuthi (Umkhakha) taxa ezahlukene: zinhlobo, izizukulwane, imindeni, oda (noma amaqembu), amakilasi, neminyango (noma izinhlobo).

Noma yimuphi umzimba ukuthi uhlala Emhlabeni uchungechunge bungobabo bonke ashiwo ngenhla ngezigaba amayunithi, esakhiwe ngokuhlanganisa microevolution futhi kwemvelo. Ikharikhulamu ukuhlola lokho uhlobo uhlelo lwemvelo eziphilayo. Ibanga 9 is ekutadisheni amabutho ukushayela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - ukwehluka zofuzo ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. hypothesis Zokwenziwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kubhekwa enkambweni biology 10 cl., Lapho abafundi sebekujwayele imiqondo kanye nemithetho zofuzo.

Biological Inhlangano

Futhi uhlelo lwemvelo bemvelo, emele 7 amazinga hierarchically ongaphansi yokwakhiwa Vula Biosystems. Ake sibize kubo: nezinhlayiya, amaselula, isitho, izicubu, umzimba, labantu, zilwane, biogeocenotic Biosphere.

Lolu cwaningo lomkhuba zokuphila kuwo wonke amazinga kuyinto eyala ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, study biochemistry yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo nasemkhakheni wezinto. Cell - based Cytology, biogeocenotic futhi linganisa -. Taxonomy, umumo womzimba ukuqhathanisa, ngesimiso semvelo, nokunye D. Ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke izinto eziphilayo - abantu, izitshalo, izilwane, amagciwane - angabhekwa zonke izigaba, kusukela ezincane ezakha cell organelles, futhi ophela isakhiwo global - uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. It wenza imijikelezo ukuguqulwa ndaba namandla evulekile eziphilayo.