Fusion Nuclear. Fusion Cold. amandla enuzi

Fusion Cold kungabuye ngokuthi Fusion abandayo. essence yayo itholakala zibheke zenuzi Fusion yokusabela lapho kwenzeka kunoma iziphi izinhlelo zamakhemikhali. Lokhu eqala akukho okweqile abalulekile medium ukusebenza. Njengoba yaziwa, ezivamile -imeyli engahlonziwe lapho siqhuba ukudala lokushisa okungase singenakulinganiswa kwezigidi ezingu-degree Kelvin. Cold Fusion theory akudingi lokushisa eliphezulu enjalo.

Ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene futhi ucwaningo

Lolu cwaningo Fusion abandayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubhekwa ukukhwabanisa okumsulwa. Ayikho enye ezindaweni zocwaningo kule ngeke kuqhathaniswe naye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungenzeka ukuthi le ndawo wesayensi engakaze wafunda kuze kube sekupheleni, futhi zonke asikwazi kuthathwe njengendlela utopia, kodwa ukukhwabanisa ngaphezulu. Nokho, umlando Fusion abandayo namanje abakhona uma hhayi nabakhohlisi, cishe ngendlela yokusangana.

Ukwamukelwa mbumbulu isiqondiso futhi iphuzu ukugxeka, okuyinto usebhekene abandayo Fusion ubuchwepheshe, kwakungamadodana ukwehluleka eziningi lososayensi ukusebenza kulo mkhakha, kanye nemisebenzi ngabanye Ukulimaza. Kakade kusukela 2002, ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi ngalolu daba ayinakho amathemba.

Nokho, abanye namanje ezama ukusabela okufanayo uyaqhubeka. Ngakho, ngo-2008, usosayensi Japanese kusukela University of Osaka wabonisa obala sokuhlola, kwenziwe nge cell electrochemical. Kwaba sikaYoshiaki Arata. Ngemva ngesibonakaliso wezesayensi waphinda waba ukukhuluma mayelana nokwenzeka noma ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento Fusion abandayo, okungase ukuhlinzekela wesayensi yenuzi. Abanye ososayensi, uyakufanelekela wesayensi yenuzi kanye ne-chemistry, abafuna ezizwakalayo lesi simanga. Futhi bayakwenza ukuze uthole incazelo hhayi zenuzi, nezinye izindlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubuye kube ngenxa yokuthi ulwazi mayelana emisebeni neutron engekho.

Umlando Fleyshmana futhi Pons

kakhulu Umlando kushicilelwe kule nguqulo isiqondiso yezesayensi emehlweni komphakathi weentjhabatjhaba kuyasolisa. Konke kwaqala ngo-March 23, 1989. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho uSolwazi Martin Fleyshman nomlingani wakhe Stenli Ponsom baba nomhlangano nabezindaba, eyaqala eyunivesithi lapho bamakhemikhali lisebenzile, State of Utah (USA). Khona-ke bathi bona babengenamduduzi Fusion abandayo ukuphendula iye yenziwa nge-an avamile kagesi ngokusebenzisa electrolyte. Ngu bamakhemikhali bathi bakwazi ukuthola omuhle energy isivuno ngenxa yokusabela, okusho ukushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayegubha emisebeni yenuzi esukela ukuphendula futhi ivela electrolyte.

Bhala isitatimende ngokoqobo wadala furor emphakathini ngokwesayensi. Yiqiniso, ongaphakeme-lokushisa Fusion yenuzi kukhicite edeskini elula, ezingase zisishintshe ngokuphelele ukushintsha umhlaba wonke. Akusadingeki omkhulu eziyinkimbinkimbi zamakhemikhali izinhlelo, okuyizinto futhi omningi imali, futhi umphumela ngesimo ukuthola ukusabela oyifunayo lapho kuthanda - Unknown. Uma zonke waqinisekisa Fleyshmana futhi Pons bangilindile ikusasa okukhulu, futhi isintu - ukuncipha okukhulu izindleko.

Kodwa ukwenza kanjalo le bamakhemikhali isicelo kwaba iphutha labo. Futhi, ubani owazi, mhlawumbe ebaluleke kakhulu. Iqiniso lokuthi umphakathi kwesayensi kuye kwehluleka unqume ukwenza izitatimende kwabezindaba mayelana azenza noma ukutholwa ngaphambi ulwazi mayelana azishiye uyoboniswa ezinyatheliswa komagazini zesayensi ezikhethekile. Ososayensi ziyeza ngakho manjalo thola ukugxekwa, kubhekwa uhlobo ukunambitheka embi emphakathini ngokwesayensi. Ngokusho imithetho, ukwenza noma yikuphi umcwaningi ukuvulwa ngokuphelele aphoqelelwe ukuba azise umphakathi kuqala yesayensi, okuzokwenza anqume noma cha ke yafika kweqiniso, kungakhathaliseki kubalulekile ngokuvamile ukuqaphela ukuvulwa. Ngokombono zomthetho kubhekwa ukuzinikela ngokugcwele ukulondoloza ekusithekeni ngalesi sigameko, lapho esathola kumele kuhambisane nokufakwa izihloko zawo kule ncwadi futhi okwamanje yokukhishwa kwawo. okungavezwa lapho kushicilelwa kulokhu iyathinteka.

Fleyshman nge uzakwabo wathumela lesi sihloko ngendlela esavela ephephabhukwini lesayensi i, ngokuthi Nature futhi iyona onegunya kunabo ukushicilelwa yesayensi embulungeni yonke. Bonke abantu exhunywe nesayensi, bayazi ukuthi lo magazini akusho ukushicilela ulwazi ezingaqinisekisiwe, ngisho nangokwengeziwe ngeke ukushicilela yimuphi nje umuntu. Martin Fleyshman kakade ngaleso sikhathi kubhekwe ukuba ososayensi abahlonishwa abasebenza emkhakheni we electrochemistry, ngakho-ke, okufakiwe sasili- adedelwe ngokushesha. Nakhu okwenzeka. Ezinyangeni ezintathu emva ill-fated inkomfa ukushicilelwa waphuma, kodwa hype ezungeze ukuvulwa kakade lezi zindaba. Mhlawumbe, ngakho-ke, umhleli oyinhloko we-Nature Dzhon Meddoks kumagazini olandelayo we umagazini nyangazonke eshicilelwe ukungabaza kwakhe ngalokhu ukutholakala Fleyshmana futhi Pons, kanye neqiniso lokuthi wonke amandla azo zibheke imeyli engahlonziwe etholwe. Esihlokweni bakubo, wabhala ukuthi osokhemisi kufanele ajeziswe ukuvezwa kwakhe okuzumayo. Lapho batshelwa ukuthi lezi ososayensi akasoze avumela umphakathi ukunikeza emphakathini azenza, futhi labo ukwenza kanjalo okungase kubhekwe njengenkonzo bamazwe nje.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, Pons futhi Fleyshmanu okubhekana elinye igalelo, okungase ngokuthi esibhubhisayo. Abacwaningi abaningi base-United States of izikhungo zocwaningo American (Massachusetts naseCalifornia Institute of Technology) olwenziwa, okungukuthi, waphinda bamakhemikhali sokuhlola, ukudala izimo alinganayo kanye izici. Nokho, imiphumela akazange eziholela Fleyshmanom amangalelwe.

Okungenzeka noma kungenzeki nhlobo?

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kwaba khona ukwahlukana esicacile yonke wezesayensi kwaba amakamu amabili. Abasekeli obukholisayo konke Fusion abandayo - lena eqanjiwe, okuyinto phezu kweze usekelwe. Nokho, abanye basakholelwa ukuthi Fusion abandayo kungenzeka, ukuthi osokhemisi ill-fated namanje zathola ezingase ekugcineni uyosindisa sonke isintu, simenze umthombo ongashi amandla.

Iqiniso lokuthi uma konke okwenzekayo kokusungulwa indlela entsha ngawo sizokwazi Fusion abandayo ukuphendula, futhi, ngokufanelekile, ukubaluleka kwesipho ukutholakala ezifana iyoba usizo kakhulu lapho bonke abantu emhlabeni jikelele udonsa kulesi siqondiso yesayensi ososayensi abaningi, ingxenye zazo eqinisweni kungaba kubhekwe imikhonyovu. uthi wonke benza imizamo yokubhalisa umsebenzi eside ukwakha isiteshi esisodwa Fusion, ukumosha omningi imali, futhi Fusion abandayo uyakwazi yokukhipha amandla siyindlela ngokuphelele elula futhi ayibizi kakhulu. Yilokho ikhanga labo abafisa ukuzuza ngokukhwabanisa, kanye nabanye abantu abangase babe nokuphazamiseka engqondweni. Phakathi abasekeli le ndlela zokukhiqiza amandla zingatholakala, nalabo nabanye.

Indaba Fusion abandayo kwadingeka nje ukungena ingobo yomlando okuthiwa izindaba mbumbulu ngokwesayensi. Uma ubheka indlela esingasondela ukuthola amandla Fusion zenuzi, ukubukeka nizithibe, kungaqondakala ukuthi yokuxhuma athomu amabili e omningi amandla liyadingeka. Kuyadingeka ukuba unqobe lo ukumelana kagesi. Ukwakhiwa ngaphansi okwamanje yomhlal awonke Fusion ophendulayo, okuzokwenziwa etholakala Cadarache eFrance kuhlelwe ukuba ngiqhube ngokujoyina zama-athomu amabili, okuyizinto akhanya ekhona ngokwemvelo. Ngenxa ekhuthaza enjalo kulindeleke ukuba omuhle amandla kwekhabhoni. ezimbili Lezi ama-athomu - tritium futhi deuterium. Bahlanganisa isotopes hydrogen, ngakho-hydrogen Fusion yenuzi ziyoba isisekelo. Ukuqalisa uxhumano esinjalo, kubalulekile lokushisa engacabangeki - amakhulu ezigidi degrees. Yiqiniso, lokhu kuzodinga kanye nengcindezi enkulu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi Fusion abandayo ayikwazi ukulawulwa.

Ukuphumelela nokwehluleka

Nokho, lokulungisiswa synthesis olucutshungulwayo Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ababaningi abantu kuphela okuyize, imikhonyovu, kodwa ochwepheshe ziyezwakala ngempela phakathi abalandeli bakhe. Ngemva Fleyshmana inkulumo futhi Pons, futhi ukwehluleka inombolo yabo kuvulwa ososayensi kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo bezilokhu bahlanganyele kulesi siqondiso. Kwakukhona lapha ngaphandle ochwepheshe isiRashiya, naye kudingeke imizamo efanele. Futhi into ezithakazelisayo wukuthi lokhu kucwaninga kwezinye izimo yaphela nge impumelelo, futhi kwezinye - ukwehluleka.

Nokho, isayensi esokuba: uma sekube ngenkathi owatholakala ngayo, futhi ukuhlola yaphumelela, kumelwe okuphindaphindiwe futhi nge yi omuhle kufanele. Uma kungenjalo, kwatholakala ezinjalo ngeke obonwa ubani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphindaphinda lokuhlolwa yimpumelelo ayikwazanga ukwenza kanye abacwaningi ngokwabo. Kwezinye izimo, bayakwenza, kwesinye - akukho. Ngenxa ukuthi kwenzekani, kepha kungekho muntu owayengase ukuchaza, kusekhona asikho isizathu sokuthi esekelwe kwezesayensi salokhu onhlobonhlobo.

I samanje umsunguli futhi ungungqondongqondo

Kuzo zonke izindaba ngenhla Fleyshmanom Pons kukhona nenye ohlangothini uhlamvu lwemali, ukuba ngqo, ngokucophelela ke ezifihlakele iqiniso amazwe aseNtshonalanga. Iqiniso lokuthi Stanley Pons, owayekade isakhamuzi wase-USSR. Ngo-1970, eneminyaka engu-ilungu uchwepheshe makeup isitayela ukufakwa amakheli ndawonye. Yiqiniso, Pons kwaba azitshelwa izimfihlo eziningi likahulumeni waseSoviet, futhi bethuthele e-United States, wazama eyisebenzisa.

Iphayona weqiniso impumelelo ethile e-fusion abandayo zenuzi, kwaba Ivan Stepanovich Filimonenko.

lwati lolufinyetiwe usosayensi Soviet

JS Filimonenko wafa ngo-2013. Wayengumuntu isazi owacishe wayeka zonke ukuthuthukiswa amandla enuzi, hhayi kuphela ezweni lakhe kodwa futhi emhlabeni wonke. Nguye cishe wenza ukufakwa Fusion zenuzi abandayo, okuyinto, ngokungafani enuzi izitshalo amandla kungaba ephephile kakhudlwana futhi ushibhile kakhulu. Ngaphezu lokhu kufakwa, usosayensi Soviet idale umshini flying, ngokusekelwe isimiso antigravity. Wayaziwa njengoba debunker ka nezingozi ezicashile ongaletha esintwini le ngamandla enuzi umkhakha. Usosayensi ukusebenza embonini ukuzivikela zase-USSR, khona ezifundweni futhi onguchwepheshe ukuphepha ngemisebe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezinye imisebenzi Academician, kuhlanganise Fusion abandayo Filimonenko namanje oluthathwa. Ivan Stepanovich kwaba umhlanganyeli oqondile ekudalweni we-hydrogen, enuzi kanye neutron amabhomu, wahlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa ezindaweni zamandla enunzi yakhelwe ukwethula rocket emkhathini.

Ukufaka academician Soviet

Ngo-1957, u-Ivan Filimonenko wazakhela isitshalo amandla Fusion abandayo zenuzi, lapho izwe bazokwazi konge cishe amadola amathathu namashumi billion ngonyaka, silusebenzise emkhakheni energy. Ukusungulwa kwe-usosayensi ekuqaleni kakhulu kusekelwa isimo, kanye nabasebenzi abayodingwa owaziwa bezemfundo njengoba Kurchatov, Keldysh, Korolev. ngentuthuko obengeziwe kokusungulwa + futhi babangela Filimonenko usuqedile isimo ajeziswe ngenkathi Marshal Zhukov yena. Ukuvulwa Ivan Stepanovich ombangela okuyindawo likhishwe amandla ahlanzekile zenuzi, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, kungakusiza ukuba isivikelo emisebeni yenuzi etholwe futhi ayisuse imiphumela ka kwazo imisebe.

Ukumiswa emsebenzini Filimonenko

Kungenzeka ukuthi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile lo mshini wenziwa ngu-Ivan Filimonenko ukuze ngezinga zezimboni, futhi bonke abantu bayoqothulwa ukuqeda izinkinga eziningi. Kodwa isiphetho lapho sibhekene abanye abantu ngaphambilini ngenye indlela. ozakwabo Kurchatov futhi Korolev wafa, Marshal Zhukov basula. Lokhu kwaba isiqalo okuthiwa umdlalo-izigcawu emphakathini ngokwesayensi. Umphumela waba kokumisa wonke umsebenzi Filimonenko, futhi ngo-1967 kwenzeka ekutheni axoshwe. isizathu engeziwe ngoba impatho enjalo isibe usosayensi esasiwafanele futhi umzabalazo kwakhe ukuphela ukuhlolwa izikhali zenuzi. imisebenzi yakhe njalo wagomela umonakalo bahlupheka futhi uhlobo ngqo nabantu wokufaka yayo kwavinjwa amaphrojekthi amaningi ukuqalisa rocket emkhathini nge Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi (noma iyiphi ingozi kumuntu rocket esenzeka orbit, ungase zisongele kwazo imisebe yomhlaba wonke). Banikezwe izingalo uhlanga ukuba kuragela ngenkathi Academician Filimonenko baba ethile engabazisayo abanye abantu okusezingeni eliphezulu. izindawo zaso zokuhlola ezitholakala kungqubuzana nemithetho yemvelo, usosayensi kuhhavini futhi sishiswa axoshwe Communist Party wancishwa zonke ezingeni futhi ngokuvamile ukumemezela umuntu esangene ngokwengqondo.

Kakade in the Eighties sekwephuzile - ekuqaleni nineties umsebenzi academician kuvuselelwe, ithuthukiswe izakhiwo ezintsha zokuhlola, kodwa zonke alethwe yalokho omuhle wayengekho. Ivan Filimonenko ezihlongozwayo umbono kokusebenzisa iyunithi yakhe yeselula ngenjongo ekuqedeni imiphumela eChernobyl, kodwa sinqatshelwe. Esikhathini kusuka ngo-1968 kuya 1989 Filimonenko isuswe kusukela kunoma iyiphi ukuhlolwa futhi usebenzele Fusion abandayo, futhi bona ukuthuthukiswa, imidwebo imidwebo nabanye abasebenzi yesayensi Soviet babe phesheya.

Esikhathini 90 zokuqala e-United States baye babika nokulingwa baphumelele ababewambile kusolakala etholwe amandla enuzi ngenxa Fusion abandayo. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi usosayensi edume Soviet futhi wakhumbula isimo sakhe. Wabuyiselwa ku post yakhe, kodwa akazange asize. Ngesikhathi iSoviet Union iba yingxenye yomhlabathi, uxhaso wawumncane, ngokulandelana, futhi imiphumela yaba yini. Njengoba kuchazwe kamuva ngesikhathi enengxoxo Ivan Stepanovich, bebona eqhubekayo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo imizamo akuphumelelanga yososayensi abaningi abavela emhlabeni jikelele ukuthola imiphumela emihle Fusion abandayo, waqaphela ukuthi ngaphandle kwalo muntu uzokwazi ukubona ngokusebenzisa. Futhi, empeleni, engazishiyanga owayekhuluma iqiniso. Kusukela ngo-1991 kuya ku-1993, i-US abacwaningi ngiye ngazuza ukufakwa Filimonenko, futhi bengaqondi ukuthi yini eyenza izenzo zakhe, futhi kwaphela unyaka wonke futhi ingabe adiliza ke. Ngo-1996, abantu abanethonya-United States okunikelwe Ivan Stepanovich amadola ayizigidi ezingu namashumi nje neqiniso lokuthi wabalungiselela iseluleko, echaza indlela ophendulayo Fusion abandayo, lapho enqaba.

Ingqikithi ucwaningo Soviet academician

Ivan Filimonenko ngu ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi noqhekeko okuthiwa amanzi esindayo by electrolysis sekubola umoya-mpilo kanye deuterium. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, sihlakazwa palladium cathode, lapho ukuthuthukisa zenuzi Fusion ukuphendula. Ngo inqubo kwenzekani Filimonenko wanika bengekho bobabili kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi neutron ngemisebe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa ucwaningo lwakhe, Ivan Stepanovich wathola ukuthi yenuzi Fusion ophendulayo yakhe ikhipha imisebe ehlasela unomphela, futhi lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ukuphuma nenxenye impilo isotopes enemisebe. Lokho kulinganiswe ukungcola.

Kukholakala ukuthi Filimonenko ngesikhathi enqaba esikhundleni ophendulayo ukufakwa enuzi ezindaweni zokukhosela komhlaba, oqeqeshiwe abaholi eliphakeme wase-USSR uma kwenzeka impi yenuzi. Ngalezo zinsuku, ahlasela le-Cuban missile esibucayi, futhi ngenxa yalokho kungenzeka eliphezulu kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo. Akushintshanga kumibuthano Isinqumo United States ne-Soviet Union ukuthi kula madolobha komhlaba nokungcoliswa kusukela sikhungo yenuzi ezisabulala konke okuphilayo ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa. Ezikhona ophendulayo Filimonenko Fusion abandayo ungase udale zone ukuphepha kwazo imisebe, ngakho uma academician bavuma lokhu, ematfuba lwempi yenuzi lenyuke eziningana-emhlanjini. Uma lokhu ngempela kwakunjalo, wayencisha kuye kuzo zonke imiklomelo kanye ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu eminye ukuthola izizathu zabo.

Fusion Warm

JS Filimonenko hydrolysis ezishisayo amandla ekushayweni isitshalo sidaliwe, okuyinto ngokuphelele ahlanzekile. Kuze kube manje akekho uhlulekile ukwakha efanayo Analogue TEGEU. Ingqikithi nezitshalo ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokungafani nezinye amayunithi efanayo kwaba iqiniso ukuthi alisetshenziswa Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi, futhi ukufakwa Fusion yenuzi ezenzeka i lokushisa kwemini 1150 degrees. Ngakho-ke, lokhu okusungulile iye yabizwa ngokuthi i-efudumele kulungiselelwa Fusion zenuzi. In the Eighties sekwephuzile ngaphansi inhlokodolobha, emzini Podolsk, sidalwe 3 ukufakwa. Soviet Filimonenko academician wathatha ngqo ukuhlanganyela kulokhu ukulawula yonke inqubo. Amandla TEGEU ngayinye babuyizingalo 12.5 kW, njengoba uphethiloli main esetshenziswa amanzi esindayo. Vele eyodwa kilogram sokusabela yayo ukhiqiza amandla alingana ukuthi ingatholakala ovuthayo amakhilogremu ayizigidi ezimbili uphethiloli! Lokhu kukodwa ukhuluma ivolumu kanye nokubaluleka ezisunguliwe usosayensi omkhulu, ukuthi abandayo Fusion yenuzi ukusabela akhiwa kubo kungaletha umphumela oyifunayo.

Ngakho, manje hhayi indlela yokwazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ilungelo khona noma cha Fusion abandayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukube bekungengenxa nokubacindezela lokhu wayeyisazi isayensi Filimonenko, namuhla umhlaba kwakuyoba njalo, futhi sokuphila kwabantu kungase kwandise by izikhathi eziningana. Phela, ngisho noma u-Ivan Filimonenko wawuthi emisebeni enemisebe - imbangela yokuguga nokufa kwabantu ekuqaleni. Kuyinto emisebeni ukuthi manje kukhona ngokoqobo yonke indawo, ingasaphathwa emadolobheni amakhulu, wephula Ama-chromosomes e womuntu. Mhlawumbe yingakho baseBhayibhelini waphila iminyaka eyinkulungwane, kusukela esikhathini samakhosi emisebeni elimazayo Cishe wayengekho.

Umi academician ukufakwa Filimonenko esikhathini eside kungaba ukuqeda iplanethi yalezi ukubulala ezingcolisa, ngaphezu ukuhlinzeka umthombo ongashi amandla ezishibhile. Zithanda noma zingathandi, isikhathi uzokutshela, kodwa Kuyinto edabukisayo ukuthi kulesi sikhathi lapho babengase wagibela.