Izwe lokuqala le-capitalist. Amazwe angaphambili ase-capitalist. Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kwamazwe ase-capitalist

Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, izwe le-capitalist lase-United States of America laliphikisana nombuso wama-socialist we-USSR. Ukuphikisana phakathi kwemibono emibili kanye nezinhlelo zezomnotho ezakhiwe ngesisekelo kwaholela ekupheleni kweminyaka. Ukuwa kwe-USSR kumakwe nje kuphela ukuphela kwenkathi yonke, kodwa futhi nokuwa komfanekiso wezenhlalo wezomnotho. Ama-republics aseSoviet, amazwe ase-former-capistist manje, kodwa hhayi ngendlela ehlanzekile.

Igama lesayensi nomqondo

U-Capitalism yisimiso sezomnotho esisekelwe kubunikazi bodwa bezinto zokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa kwabo ngenzuzo. Isimo salesi simo asihambisani nezimpahla futhi asilungisi amanani kuzo. Kodwa lokhu kuyisibonelo esihle.

I-USA iyinhloko ehamba phambili ye-capitalist. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nalapho engayisebenzisi le mqondo ngendlela ehlanzekile ekusebenzeni kusukela ekuKhukhuleni Okukhulu Kwema- 1930, lapho kuphela izinyathelo ezinzima ze-Keynesian ezivumela umnotho ukuba usebenze ngemva kwenkinga. Izindawo eziningi zanamuhla azithembi ukuthuthukiswa kwazo kuphela emithethweni yemakethe, kodwa sebenzisa amathuluzi okuhlela amasu namasu. Kodwa-ke, kusukela kulokhu abayeki ukuba ngosomabhizinisi ngokuyinhloko.

Izidingo zokuguqulwa

Umnotho wamazwe ase-capitalist wakhiwe ezimisweni ezifanayo, kodwa ngamunye wabo unemibandela yakhe. Kusuka kwesinye isimo kuya kwesinye, izinga lomthethonqubo wemakethe lihluka, izinyathelo zenqubomgomo yomphakathi, izithiyo zokuncintisana nokukhululeka, kanye nesabelo sobunikazi bodwa bezinto zokukhiqiza. Ngako-ke, tinhlobo letinyenti tetimboni tekusebentisa umbuso wetifundza.

Kodwa-ke, umuntu kumele aqonde ukuthi yilowo nalowo uyisimo sezomnotho. Izwe ngalinye le-capitalist linye, futhi izici zishintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukucabangela hhayi nje imodeli yaseBrithani, kodwa uhlobo oluthile oluthile lwaluyimpawu phakathi kwesikhathi phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Lokuqala Neyesibini.

Izigaba zokwakheka

Ukuguqulwa kwamanye amazwe kwaze kwaba yizinhlobonhlobo emazweni aseNtshonalanga kuthatha amakhulu eminyaka. Mhlawumbe, ngabe sekude isikhathi eside, uma kungenjalo ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwesibhukela. Yile ndlela izwe lase-capitalist lokuqala elaqala ngayo, eNetherlands. Kwakukhona impindiselo phakathi nempi yokuzimela. Singasho lokhu, kusukela ngemuva kokukhululeka ekucindezelweni komqhele waseSpain kuleli zwe, kwakungesiyo inhlonipho ye-feudal eyayimi ekhanda, kodwa i-proletariat yasemadolobheni kanye ne-bourgeoisie yezohwebo.

Ukuguqulwa kweHolland ibe izwe eliyinhloko-dolobha kwakhuthaza kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwalo. Lapha kuqale ukuqala kwezimali zezimali. KwaseNetherlands, kwakuyikhulu leminyaka leshumi nesishiyagalolunye elaba yi-zenith yamandla ayo, isibonelo sezomnotho esashiywe yimithombo ye-feudal yamazwe aseYurophu.

Kodwa-ke, maduzane ukuphuma kwenhloko eNgilandi kuqala, lapho kuqhutshwa khona izinguquko zesibhukela. Kodwa isebenzisa imodeli ehluke ngokuphelele. Esikhundleni sokuhweba, ukubheja kwenziwa kwi-capitalism yezimboni. Kodwa-ke, iningi leYurophu lihlala lingama-feudal.

Izwe lesithathu, lapho i-capitalism inqoba khona, yi-United States of America. Kodwa kuphela i-Great French Revolution ekugcineni yabhubhisa isiko esasungulwa se-European feudalism.

Izici ezibalulekile

Ukuthuthukiswa kwamazwe ase-capitalist umlando wokuthola inzuzo enkulu. Indlela esakazwa ngayo, lokhu kuyindaba ehluke ngokuphelele. Uma umbuso we-capitalist ukhulula ukwandisa umkhiqizo wayo omkhulu, khona-ke ungabizwa ngokuthi uphumelele.

Izici ezilandelayo ezihlukanisayo zalesi simiso sezomnotho zingahlukaniswa:

• Isisekelo somnotho ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla kanye nezinsizakalo, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zemisebenzi yezohwebo. Ukushintshaniswa kwemikhiqizo yabasebenzi kungenzeki ngenxa yokuphoqelela, kodwa ezimakethe zamahhala, lapho imithetho yokuncintisana isebenza khona.
• Ubunikazi bombutho wezinto zokukhiqiza. Inzuzo ingeyomnikazi wabo futhi ingasetshenziswa ekuhlakanipheni kwabo.
• Umthombo wezinzuzo zokuphila ngumsebenzi. Futhi akekho owenza wonke umuntu asebenze. Izakhamuzi zamazwe ase-capitalist zisebenzela umvuzo wezimali ngosizo zazo ezinganelisa izidingo zabo.
• Ukulingana ngokomthetho kanye nenkululeko yokuhweba.

Izinhlobo ze-capitalist

Ukuzivocavoca njalo usungula izilungiso kulo mqondo. Uhlobo lwezomnotho we-capitalist luhlukahluka kwelinye ilizwe. Lokhu kubangelwa isilinganiso sempahla yangasese neyomphakathi, ivolumu yokusetshenziswa komphakathi, ukutholakala kwezici zokukhiqiza nezinto zokusetshenziswa. Ukushicilelwa kwabo kukhishwa ngamasiko abantu, inkolo, uhlaka lomthetho kanye nemibandela yemvelo.

Kunezinhlobo ezine ze-capitalism:

• Ukuthuthukiswa kubonakala emazweni amaningi eNtshonalanga Yurophu nase-United States.
• Izwe lakwa-capitalist oligarchic yiLatin America, i-Afrika ne-Asia.
• I-Mafia (i-clan) ijwayele emazweni amaningi ekamu lezenhlalakahle.
• Ubuzwe be-capitalism ngokuhlanganiswa kwama-feudal ubudlelwano buvame emazweni aseSulumane.

I-Capitalism Ethuthukile

Kumele kuqashelwe ngokushesha ukuthi lezi zinhlobonhlobo uhlobo olujwayelekile. Ngokomlando, ubukhulu bezentandokazi babonakala kuqala. Isici sesici salesi simodeli isingeniso esasakazekile sobuchwepheshe obusha kanye nokudala uhlaka olunzulu lomthetho. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho kwamazwe ase-capitalist abambelela kulo modeli yiyona enhle kakhulu futhi ehlelekile. Ubuningi bezentengiselwano ezithuthukile ziwuphawu lwezifundazwe zaseWestern Europe, iU.SA, eCanada, eNew Zealand, e-Australia, eNingizimu Korea, eTaiwan, eTurkey.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iChina yafaka lolu hlobo, kepha ngaphansi kobuholi obucacile beqembu lamaKhomanisi. Isici esiyingqayizivele se-capitalism ephucukile emazweni aseScandinavia yizinga eliphakeme lokuvikelwa komphakathi kwezakhamuzi.

Izinhlobonhlobo ze-oligarchic

Amazwe aseLatin America, e-Afrika nase-Asia afuna ukuthola ifa lamazwe athuthukile. Kodwa-ke, eqinisweni, kubonakala ukuthi banabo oligarchs ambalwa. Futhi laba abafuni neze ukuletha ubuchwepheshe obusha nokudala uhlaka olunzulu lomthetho. Banesithakazelo kuphela ekucebiseni kwabo siqu. Kodwa-ke, le nqubo iqhubeka kancane kancane, futhi ubuqambi be-oligarchic kancane kancane baqala ukuguqula ibe yimpumelelo. Nokho, lokhu kuthatha isikhathi.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-capitalism emazweni ase-post-Soviet

Ngemva kokuwa kwe-USSR, manje ama-republic akhululekile aqala ukwakha umnotho ngokuvumelana nokuqonda kwabo. Umphakathi udinga ukuguqulwa okujulile. Ngemva kokuwa kwesistimu yezenhlalakahle, konke kwadingeka kuqale futhi. Amazwe asePost-Soviet aqala ukwakheka kwawo kusukela esiteji sokuqala - ubugebengu bendabuko.

Ezikhathini zaseSoviet yonke impahla yayisezandleni zamazwe. Manje kwakudingeka ukwakha isigaba sama-capitalists. Kulesi sikhathi, amaqembu obugebengu namacala obugebengu aqala ukwakha, abaholi babo abazobizwa ngokuthi ama-oligarchs. Bathi, ngokusebenzisa izifumbathiso nokucindezelwa kwezombusazwe, bathatha impahla enkulu. Ngakho-ke, inqubo yokusebenzisa imali emazweni ase-post-Soviet ibhekene nokungahambisani nokuhlukunyezwa. Ngemva kwesikhashana lesi sigaba sizophela, isisekelo sezomthetho sizoba siphelele. Khona-ke singasho ukuthi ubugebengu bendabuko buye baba yinto ephucukile.

Emphakathini wamaSulumane

Isici sesici saloluhlobo lwe-capitalist ukugcina izinga eliphezulu lokuphila izakhamizi zombuso ngokusebenzisa ukuthengiswa kwemithombo yemvelo, isibonelo, i-oli. Imbonini yezimayini kuphela ithola ukuthuthukiswa okubanzi, konke okunye kuthengwa eYurophu, eU.SA nakwamanye amazwe. Ubuhlobo bokukhiqiza emazweni aseSulumane kaningi akhiwe hhayi emigomweni yemigomo yezomnotho, kodwa ngemithetho ye-Shariah.