Indlela ukuhlukanisa phakathi methyl ka ETHYL utshwala? utshwala ifomula

Utshwala kanye notshwala ngempela ngokuqinile ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. Lesi sihloko uzonikezwa isiqondiso esiyisisekelo indlela yokwahlukanisa phakathi methyl ka ETHYL utshwala. Kukhona Uyophinde unikezwe izici zabo futhi amafomula zamakhemikhali.

History of the ukutholakala utshwala

Formula utshwala ngandlela-thile kwatholakala cishe ngasikhathi sinye ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba. Ngo 1334, i-Alchemist French Arno De Vilgger ekuqaleni kwaba utshwala iwayini. Ngo 1360 zezindela Italian nesiFulentshi ekhiqizwa into ngokuthi "amanzi okuphila". abathengisi Genoese e 1386 notshwala eMoscow ukuba bakhombise izinga layo.

definition

Manje siyowuqonda ukuthi methyl futhi ETHYL utshwala enjalo.

Methanol (owaziwa nangokuthi methyl utshwala, eyaziwa nangokuthi ukhuni utshwala, carbinol-alias, i-alias metilgidrat aka methyl hydroxide) - utshwala elula monohydric, ezinobuthi ketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle. Nge amafomu emoyeni (e lokuhlala volumetric kusukela 6,98 kuya 35,5%) ingxube alufakwa (ezingeni lokushisa 8 degrees Celsius). ifomula Yamamolekhula kuyinto methyl utshwala - CH _4, CH ₃ O noma -OH.

Ethanol (noma ETHYL utshwala, noma ETHYL utshwala, noma uphuzo oludakayo, e ezivamile nje "utshwala" metilkarbinol) - utshwala monohydric nge komkhuba ifomula C ₂ H ₅ OH. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, a oluyingozi, kungekho nto enemibala emihle, oluvuthayo ketshezi. Ingabe nokudangala - ikhemikhali ingqondo, depresses isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, futhi ingxenye esebenzayo of iziphuzo ezidakayo.

ukuqhathanisa

Kusukela ukuzimisela isikhundla futhi ifomula amakhemikhali ulula ukunquma indlela yokwahlukanisa kusukela methyl ETHYL utshwala. Ekusebenteni, izinto akuzona ukuze kube lula kakhulu.

Uma siphendukela amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, ungathola ulwazi oluningi ngalezi izinto: ukusetshenziswa, ukukhiqizwa, izakhiwo, ngokuba nemvelo, njll Kodwa ake ubuyele izindaba zasekhaya kanye sihlolisise umehluko phakathi methanol kusukela ethanol.

Methanol ngokubukeka iyafana Ethanol: kungekho nto enemibala emihle, ne isici, kodwa iphunga amandlag. Lona izakhiwo eziyisisekelo methyl utshwala. Njengalo, ngeshwa, lezi izinto ezimbili zinzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa kusuka komunye nomunye. uchwepheshe wemithi kuphela uzokwazi zibukeke ukuhlukanisa zenye ukusuka kwenye. Umbala, iphunga, ukunambitheka kufana ngakho kangangokuthi ngokuvamile aye udidekile lezi izinto. Imiphumela yalokhu ukudideka zigcwele, kusukela ubumpumputhe ekufeni.

umehluko

Ekhaya, ungakwazi ukuhlola okulula ukuthola umehluko. Nazi izinto ezintathu ezibalulekile phakathi indlela methanol kusukela ethanol. Lezi zindlela uzobe egqoke nemvelo yokuqhathanisa.

1 indlela. Ignition lokuvivinywa ketshezi. Enye yezindlela ezilula futhi ezethembekayo: okhela isampula yethu, landela umbala ilangabi. Ethanol siluhlaza, futhi methanol - oluhlaza. Kuyinto elula kakhulu futhi ishaya emhloleni, kodwa khumbula ukuthi ukungazi, ngeshwa, akusho ngeke zivimbele umuntu emiphumeleni.

Thina ukwethula umqondo omusha ku-athikili yethu - utshwala ezimbonini. Igama elithi "utshwala zezimboni" libhekisela alcohols (methanol, utshwala denatured), kanye Izingxube yalo, ayifanele ukudliwa ngabantu, owabangela umonakalo sina futhi engelapheki kokubili impilo nokuphila.

Kuyadingeka ukuba sicabangele iphuzu elilandelayo: e thermometer wethu usebenzisa eksperimenti lelula, kubalulekile ukuba ulungise lokushisa abilayo, njengoba kusukela ukwakheka kwezinto izigaba ezaziwa ukuthi i-ethanol amathumba ezingeni lokushisa 78 ° Celsius futhi methanol ifinyelela ukubila ngisho at 64 °.

2 indlela. Sisebenzisa i amazambane abavamile. Small amazambane amagejambazo amahora ambalwa kufanele aphonswe kuhlolo ketshezi uma emva kwalesi sikhathi amazambane awushintshanga umbala ke ngaphambi ethanol - into efanelekayo ukusetshenziswa. Uma nocezu amazambane egqanyisiwe e pink, ukuhlolwa ketshezi kuyinto methanol - Ubuthi isiqinisekiso esiqine kunazo zonke emzimbeni womuntu.

3 indlela. Formaldehyde isampula. Lapha sidinga wire ithusi, ingxenye encane okufanele kube mhlophe kukhanya ashisayo bese uphonsa singene ketshezi. Uma eyithola, ungakwazi iphunga Ethanol apula abolile, kepha iphi methanol, uzozwa nephunga abukhali ezingemnandi - iphunga formaldehyde.

Qaphela ukuthi umthamo encane (ngokwanele futhi 50 ml) methanol kungasho ukufa. Qaphela, musa ukuthenga utshwala ezingabazisayo yokuthengisa amaphuzu, musa ukuphila kwabo engozini, futhi uthenge utshwala ezitolo ezikhethekile.

Izimpawu ze-methanol ubuthi

Symptomatology ka methanol ubuthi zifana kakhulu utshwala poisoning, kodwa ngemuva jikelele isicanucanu, isiyezi, ukudakwa, ukucobeka, ukuhlanza, ukuquleka, umbono ukulahlekelwa kufanele zabelwe. Methanol singena emzimbeni womuntu phakathi ukuphefumula, ngesikhumba futhi ipheshana wokugaya ukudla. Kukhona ubuhlungu eqinile emilenzeni, ubuhlungu bekhanda. It lihlasela isimiso sezinzwa esibhubhisa imithambo yegazi, okuholela ebumpumputheni. Ngokushesha matasa, kancane ezikhishwe, aqoqana (Kubutsa). Oxidized emzimbeni, yakha compounds ezinobuthi - formic acid formaldehyde. Formaldehyde kuyinto nobuthi obuyingozi kakhulu, nomongo ekilasini lokuqala ingozi. It is ngokomthetho kontseragenom. ekuqongeleleni yayo emzimbeni kuholela emdlavuzeni. Formic acid kubangela ukulimala kwamehlo futhi ipheshana zokuphefumula. ubuthi enzima umbono ukulahlekelwa kungadala ukungenisa 10.5 kuphela ml we methyl utshwala. A umthamo ebulalayo ku ezahlukene kusukela 30 kuya 100 ml, kodwa kuncike izici ngazinye ephilayo ethile. Ukufa kwenzeka kusukela ukuboshwa zokuphefumula. Sifo kungaqinisekiswa ngokuthola oyisisulu umchamo into ezifana formic acid.

usizo lokuqala

Ngenhla ke waboniswa ngokucacile ukuthi ungawukhipha kanjani ukuhlukanisa kusukela methyl ETHYL utshwala. Nokho, zikhona izimo ekuphileni lapho kufanele ahlinzeke isisulu usizo lokuqala. Lapho methanol ubuthi ke sihlose excretion ubuthi, le nqubo namachibi we ketshezi. Nokho, okokuqala nokubaluleke bayobhekana uhlelo excretory. Lapho esetshenziswa ngaphakathi utshwala zezimboni, kumele engahashazanga esiswini ngesikhathi umbhangqwana wokuqala amahora. Ngokuvamile ebekiwe ukuphuza ngokweqile, reception alkalis (i-sodium hydrogencarbonate 10-15 amagremu). Ikhambi kuyinto ETHYL utshwala okuyinto kwehlisa inqubo namachibi of methanol ukuguqulwa kanye nokwakhiwa kwemikhiqizo enobuthi. ezimeni methanol ubuthi izibalo kucindezele ngendlela efanayo.

utshwala Ethyl. GOST

GOST - ngokuyinhloko idokhumenti elawula yiziphi izimfanelo kumele babe izimpahla ezithengisiwe ensimini ka ezweni elithile. Kukhona izivakashi eziningana ngesikhathi Ethanol echaza injongo, izimo wesitoreji, ezokuthutha kanye nokunye.

Kodwa ndaba eyinkimbinkimbi ezinjalo, njengoba ukusetshenziswa uphuzo oludakayo, ungaveza amahora amaningi mpikiswano. Futhi hhayi kuleli cala, ngoba umuntu ngamunye kumelwe bazinqumele ezindabeni ezingeni lelifana nele. Kodwa ake sibheke GOST 1972: "Ethanol - a oluvuthayo, uketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle nge iphunga isici. Libhekisela izidakamizwa ezinamandla ezibangela injabulo kuqala, bese -. Ukukhubazeka isimiso sezinzwa "

Manje funda GOST 1982: "Ethanol - a oluvuthayo, uketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle nge iphunga isici ezihlobene izidakamizwa ezinamandla." Futhi ekugcineni, ngo-2000: ". Ethyl utshwala - a kungekho nto enemibala emihle, uketshezi oluvuthayo nge iphunga isici" Lezi ziqondiso efanayo futhi ilawule ketshezi njengoba ETHYL utshwala nokuba angasetshenziswa ezimbonini.

Ingozi nezinzuzo utshwala

Ake ningathinti lokhu yeqhwa omkhulu ngokuthi "aphuze noma cha ukuba baphuze." Masikhumbule amazwi ethandekayo Amalotha Semenovich Gorbunkova ngezinzuzo utshwala. Utshwala kakhulu ukuvimbela ukwakheka amahlule, ukunciphisa okuqukethwe cholesterol imithambo yegazi ukuze sandise, okuholela kunyatheliswa omkhulu. A imithi njengoba aziwa ukuthandwa umthamo ecacile, ngakho 50 ml awukudla kanye ngokubhukula. Kodwa izinzuzo eliletha utshwala lincane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa detriment yayo: utshwala kushintsha isakhiwo zofuzo zabantu, okungaholela engqondo retardation inzalo, kuba nomthelela ongemuhle ekuziphatheni zokuziphatha. Kulokhu, kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuthi kwaba utshwala eheha umuntu ukuba enze Yizona eziwubuwula futhi unonya. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, kufanele uhambisane nemithetho ngokucacile. Kuzoba kwenqatshwa ewusizo futhi ephelele ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo zophuzo oludakayo.

Khumbula ukuthi uma idlule kuyinsakavukela khona, khona-ke utshwala uba ushevu kuzokwenza ukulimala kwezitho ezingaphakathi, futhi izinhlelo ngisho wonke umzimba wakho.

Empeleni lokhu futhi ungakwazi ukuqedela i-agumenti mayelana nendlela ukuhlukanisa phakathi methyl ka ETHYL utshwala.