Ukwahlukanisa zamakhemikhali

A chemical yokusabela inqubo ukuguqulwa kwezinto, futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi kukhona ushintsho isakhiwo sabo noma okuqanjiwe. Ngenxa yalokhu nqubo inguquko ukuqala izinto noma reagents zibe imikhiqizo yokugcina. Namuhla akha ngezigaba esicacile of zamakhemikhali.

Incazelo ukusabela usebenzisa zibalo. Izimpawu zamakhemikhali

Kunezinhlobo eziningana, ngamunye okuyinto kunakwe eyodwa noma ngaphezulu izici. Ngokwesibonelo, ukushintsha kwamakhemikhali kuhlanganise kungenziwa ahlukaniswe ngokunaka:

• ubuningi kanye nokwakheka reactants kanye nemikhiqizo sokugcina;
• isimo wokuhlanganisa zezinto kokuqala nokokugcina (igesi, uketshezi, uhlobo okuqinile);
• Isibalo izigaba;
• ubunjalo izinhlayiya okuyinto zidluliselwa ngesikhathi yokusabela (ion, electron);
• umphumela ezishisayo;
• ukugeleza phakathi reverse isiqondiso ukuphendula.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zamakhemikhali kuvame olubhalwe kusetshenziswa amafomula nezibalo. Ohlangothini lwesobunxele ezothando uchaza indlela yokwakheka reactants kanye nesimo ekusebenzelaneni kwabo, futhi ohlangothini lwesokudla ungabona umkhiqizo wokugcina. Elinye iphuzu elibalulekile kakhulu --athomu element ngayinye ohlangothini sokunene nesobunxele zilingane. Kuphela ngale ndlela-ke siyenzeka umthetho ukulondolozwa mass.

Njengoba sekushiwo, kukhona ngeengaba eziningi. It sizoxoxa ezisetshenziswa kakhulu.

Ukwahlukanisa zamakhemikhali ukubunjwa, inani kwemikhiqizo kokuqala nokokugcina

Ukusabela of Compound: bayakugeza izinto ezingaphezu obuhlanganisa ukwakha into ebudisi. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu ukuphendula kuhambisana ukukhululwa kwe ukushisa.

Noqhekeko ukusabela: i reactant sokuqala ekhuthaza eziyinkimbinkimbi esiyingxenye enqubeni kokuwa izinto kancane lula. Lezi zenzo zingase kube kokubili redox futhi zenzeka ngaphandle kokushintsha Valence.

Ukushintshwa ukusabela - zimelela ekusebenzisaneni phakathi izidakamizwa eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi elula. Ngo inqubo esikhundleni kwanoma iyiphi athomu embaxambili. Schematically, ukusabela ungaboniswa njengoba:

A = AB + BC + C

metathesis - inqubo lapho reactant ezimbili feeds benana phakathi izingxenye ingxenye. Ngokwesibonelo:

AB + CD = AD + CB

ukudluliselwa ukusabela - zinezikhathi ngokudlulisela athomu noma iqembu kuma-atom kusukela unesimo kwenye.

Ukwahlukanisa zamakhemikhali: izinqubo awushintsheki futhi engelapheki

Esinye isici esibalulekile ukusabela - kuba ithuba ubuyisele emuva inqubo.

Ngakho ngokuthi esethola imikhiqizo efana ukusabela okungase nihlanganyele, ukwakha okufanayo sokuqala izinto. Ngokuvamile, lesi sici kumelwe nakanjani avele kule ndaba. Kulokhu, ingxenye kwesokunxele bese kwesokudla kwesibalo ukubeka imicibisholo amabili aphikisanayo.

Lapho i engelapheki imikhiqizo chemical yokusabela alukwazi ukuba asabele nomunye - okungenani ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile.

Ukwahlukanisa the zamakhemikhali ku umphumela ezishisayo

ukuphendula Thermochemical ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile:

• izinqubo exothermic, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho kukhona ukushabalalisa ukushisa (amandla);
• izinqubo endothermic, edinga zangaphandle zokuncishiswa kwamandla.

Ukwahlukanisa zamakhemikhali ngenani izigaba futhi isigaba efakiwe

Njengoba sekuphawuliwe, isimo aggregation izinto futhi Kumqoka kakhulu ukusebenza ngokugcwele zamakhemikhali. Zizathu ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa:

• igesi ukuphendula;
• ukusabela isixazululo;
• yezinqubo zamakhemikhali phakathi ukudla okuqinile.

Kodwa imikhiqizo kokuqala nokokugcina musa njalo ubheke kunoma isiphi isimo omunye wokuhlanganisa. Ngakho-ke, ukusabela kanye ihlukaniswa esekelwe inani izigaba:

• owodwa esigabeni noma ukusabela eyohlobo - kukhona izinqubo zabo mikhiqizo isimo esifanayo (ezimweni eziningi, lesi simo senzeka noma esigabeni igesi noma isixazululo);
• ukuphendula heterogeneous (multiphase) - reactants nemikhiqizo yokugcina kungenzeka uthi ezahlukene wokuhlanganisa.