Philosophy of USocrates: a emfushane futhi ecacile. USocrates: wemiqondo eyisisekelo wefilosofi

I sazi ezithakazelisayo nezinethonya we 5th ekhulwini BC USocrates. Lesi sazi wahlala eGrisi lasendulo. Life kanye Philosophy of USocrates (chaza kafushane nzima kakhulu, kodwa sizozama ukugqamisa amaphuzu ayisihluthulelo) atehlukaniseki, njengoba uzobona ngokufunda kulesi sihloko. Ngenxa ayekufuna ulwazi lweqiniso, hhayi nje bafuna ukunqoba phezu Umphikisi, uSocrates elisetshenziswa Emzamweni wokufinyelela iqiniso amasu okunengqondo njengoba amaSophist. Ubeke koke ku umbuzo bese siwathathe iqiniso kuphela ngemva kokuhlolisisa, ukuze sazi omele lokuqala nefilosofi ezibucayi. nefilosofi USocrates kafushane ecacile futhi kuchaziwe ngezansi futhi uvezwa ukunakwa kwakho.

imithombo yokutadisha

USocrates njengoba sazi wayaziwa kahle ngesikhathi sakhe nge zeningi nemisebenzi yezenhlalakahle. Akazange bhala noma yini, ukuze kuthi lapho isifundo sakhe, sithembela kuphela amarekhodi kwesokunxele abafundi bakhe (ngokukhethekile, Xenophon futhi uPlato). Biography kanye ifilosofi uSocrates kufingqwe emibhalweni yawo. Ubunzima wukuthi uPlato wayebuye sefilosofi ngokuvamile ufaka imibono yazo engxoxweni, yena umelwe ingxoxo phakathi uSocrates nezinye owaziwa bangesikhathi sakhe.

Noma kunjalo, kucatshangwa ukuthi, okungenani kule mpendulwano ekuseni kaPlato ukusinika umbono esiqondile lokho ifilosofi ka uSocrates, emfushane kuyaqondakala.

"Euthyphro" Kuyini okholiwe

Esikhathini "Euthyphro", isibonelo, uchaza ingxoxo ngqo ezibucayi USocrates unethemba nsizwa. I am ekutholeni ukuthi Evtifron siqiniseka ngokugcwele ekutheni nezimiso zokuziphatha yayo, ngokokuziphatha kuyadida ngisho uma kwenzeka umbango nge uyise omzalayo, uSocrates embuza ukuthi yini "zokuzinikela enkolweni ngobudlova" (nesibopho) e umbono walo. Iphuzu lapha akukhona nje uhlu izenzo kungenziwa ngokuthi zenzisa. Euthyphro kufanele ukunikeza incazelo jikelele, ohlanganisa okushiwo "zokuzinikela enkolweni" umqondo. Kodwa impendulo ngayinye, alinikela intsha, sesimeni critique olunzulu uSocrates nje Euthyphro akukwazi ukunikeza noma yini.

ukwamukelwa onkulunkulu

Ikakhulukazi, uSocrates ehlelekile refutes nokucabanga Euthyphro ukuthi umbandela efanele isenzo - ukwamukelwa onkulunkulu. Okokuqala, umbuzo kuyini "ilungelo 'ngaso sonke isikhathi kubangela agumenti engapheli, nawonkulunkulu ngokuvamile kuba khona ukungqubuzana kule ngokwabo, kanye nabantu, ukushaya lokhu noma lokhuya Isenzo kokubili okuhle nokubi. USocrates Euthyphro ivumela recoup (kuphela ngenjongo ingxoxo eyengeziwe) nobheka ukubhuka ukuthi onkulunkulu kumele kuqala babe ngazwilinye ngokugcwele ngalolu daba (sicela uqaphele ukuthi le nkinga kuphela kuvela isiko polytheistic).

Okwesibili, okubaluleke, uSocrates kwenza uxakekile esisemthethweni obonakala ulula, umbuzo: "Thandani esinawonkulunkulu ukuzishaya enjalo noma okholiwe iba ukuzinikela nje ngoba onkulunkulu ngezinto othanda ukuzenza?".

Akekho ezimbili lezi ongakhetha asifanele ukuzimisela ehlonipha, Euthyphro ezihlongozwayo. Uma izinto ezilungile kukhona zenzisa ngoba engahambisani onkulunkulu, khona-ke nokufaneleka zokuziphatha kabi amandla akhe, engaphansi ngokuphelele whims wonkulunkulu. Uma onkulunkulu abathanda ubumnene, njengoba enjalo, kusobala ukuthi kumelwe ukuba kukhona umthombo amagugu undivine sekusaziwa yithi.

A uxakekile nzima

Eqinisweni, lezi zimo ezinzima inikeza ubunzima obukhulu lapho uzama ukuqhathanisa ephathelene nokufaneleka ngokokuziphatha kwezinqubo wakwelinye izwe. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga, izinkinga isakhiwo esifanayo: "Abazali bami vumela yalesi senzo ngoba ilungile, noma isenzo sami sokunene ngoba abazali yakhe abangayifuni?", "UMbuso unqabela ukuziphatha okufana kungenxa yokuthi kuba bengenanhlonipho; noma kuba bengenanhlonipho ngoba uhulumeni liyakwenqabela? ". Esikhathini okunye yesibili ngamunye lezi zimo, izenzo zilungile (okungalungile) ngenxa nje yokuthi abanye igunya avumela (akakwamukeli) kubo. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha ayinakho ukulungisiswa okunengqondo, ngenxa yokuthi kunzima ukuba kuthiwe ukuhlakanipha elingenakuphikwa lokhu amandla zangaphandle. Kodwa ngo-samuntu lokuqala, amandla avumela (noma uyayilahla) ukuziphatha abanye ngoba ngokwayo ilungelo (noma okungalungile), akancikile ke. Okungukuthi, kulandela lokhu logic, siyakwazi ngokuzimela ukwahlukanisa okuhle kokubi.

Ngakho, ifilosofi noPlato, evezwe kafushane ngenhla, kusikisela embuzweni (uma aphike) inqubeko isixazululo zanoma iyiphi inkinga okungenzeka zefilosofi. Le ndlela kusiza ukuqeda amaphutha lapho lokubhekana nezinkinga ezingathi sína futhi kudinga ukuzimela bokusungula. nefilosofi yokucabanga ngamafuphi futhi ngokucacile wasembulela yona ngesibonelo.

Evtifron uhlamvu, Nokho, lokhu akulishintshi ekupheleni inkhulumomphendvulwano ebashiya esigabeni e okufanayo azethembe ngokweqile, futhi waba yini umphumela. Ukusebenzisa indlela yokucabanga kuholela ekunqobeni engqondweni, kodwa awukwazi ukukholisa nakulawo okuthanda.

"Ukuxolisa"

Ngenxa yokuthi USocrates kwakungelona umsekeli umbuso kwamanje, laba bameleli we yeningi Athene ayesola kuye ngokubukela phansi inkolo isimo, futhi ingane ekunukubezweni. Inkulumo wasifaka phambili ezivikela, kwanikezwa "Ukuxolisa" by uPlato futhi sisinika Ukukuqonda kahle ukuthi indlela eya ifilosofi uSocrates, ubuhlobo bakhe impilo esisebenzayo.

isizotha kuyindida

Ukuchaza ukuthi wawuyini umsebenzi wakhe sefilosofi, uSocrates ucaphuna umlayezo Egumbini ukuthi unguMbusi ohlakaniphile kakhulu amaGreki. Kube sekulandela uchungechunge kuyindida izincazelo sazi umzamo ekuphikiseni Egumbini ixoxisana abase-Athene owaziwa, ubani okufanele ngokuqinisekile ahlakaniphe ngaphezu kwalokho. Nokho, ngemva ingxoxo ngayinye, uSocrates wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi unakho uzibona ukuhlakanipha, okuyikhono akwanele laba bantu, okungukuthi ukuqashelwa zokungazi zabo.

Ifilosofi amaSophist futhi USocrates kafushane

Injongo yalo mbuzo kwaba nokusiza abantu ukuba bafinyelele kweqiniso ukuzazi, ngisho noma kuholela okutholakele edabukisayo. Ifilosofi uSocrates, kafushane futhi ngokucacile ebekwe, njalo zehla kulo mbuzo. USocrates inverts izindlela amaSophist usebenzisa nokushintshashintsha okunengqondo ukukhombisa (kodwa hhayi ukudala) inkohliso ngokoqobo.

ukuzinikela kweqiniso

Ngisho nangemva kokuba watholakala enecala, uSocrates wenqaba ukuhoxa ezinkolelweni zakhe futhi indlela yakhe. Wabuye enqaba ukwamukela ekudingisweni e-Athene funa ukuthula, bame kwelokuthi ingxoxo yomphakathi izinkinga esibaluleke kunazo zonke ekuphileni futhi ubuhle - iyingxenye ebalulekile wonk 'umuntu. Isazi sefilosofi uncamela ukufa kunokuba makalahle ifilosofi yabo.

Ngisho nangemva kokuba isigwebo sentambo, uSocrates (nefilosofi ngokufingqiwe ngenhla) buthule lukhuluma izwi lokugcina - ukucabanga ukuthi silungiselela sonke esizayo. Sengikushilo lokho isiphetho ndoda oluthile ngemva kokufa kuyisizathu ongaziwa, nokho waveza ukholo lwakhe okungantengantengi amandla okucabanga, okuyinto liyashunyayelwa kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe futhi eyayintula ijaji yayo. Ngakho nalo mbono akucaci ukuthi ubani ngempela won ecaleni lasenkantolo.

isithombe Omangalisayo indoda uPlato bencamela ukufa, kodwa ungadikibali inkolelo yabo, kwaba sibonelo zefilosofi esizayo endala, owathatha isibonelo lesi sazi esivelele. Ifilosofi uSocrates, uPlato, u-Aristotle, okulukhuni Imibandela, Kuthi akufane.

"Creighton": umuntu futhi isimo

Incazelo ezinsukwini zokugcina zalesi uSocrates, uPlato kwaqhubeka e "Creighton". Ngesikhathi esejele abalindele abulawe, isazi sefilosofi uchubeka nekukhombisa buthule phezu izimpikiswano ezinkulu ukukhathazeka kuye usagcwele amathafa. Imibono eziyisisekelo ifilosofi USocrates kafushane uzwakalise lapha. Ngisho amajaji umusho nabulungisa akakubangeli sazi intukuthelo noma intukuthelo. Abangane ukuza ejele nge plan esiphelele ukubaleka Athens futhi uhlala ekudingisweni abazimisele, kodwa USocrates ngomoya ophansi kuhilela nabo ingxoxo olinganiselayo mayelana othile ukahle nokuthi omunye isenzo esinjalo, uyifake mbuzo.

Yiqiniso, Creighton nabanye abafundi babe kahle uthisha wabo, baye kakade walungisa yezingxabano ezifana neziphakamiso yafakwa esivuna icebo lakhe. Insindiso kuzonciphisa ukufeza izibopho siqu ngezinqumo azenza ekuphileni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma yena enqaba ukuba libaleke, abaningi bayocabanga ukuthi abangane bakhe wayebakhathalela ngokwanele ngaye, ngakho musa baye bahlela beqa. Ngakho, ukuze afeze izibopho futhi balondoloze idumela abangane, uSocrates kwadingeka ukuba ukubaleka ejele.

Iqiniso liwukuthi ezibizayo

Kodwa isazi sefilosofi bhunkula la agumenti njengoba abangenalo maqondana iqiniso. Yini abanye bangase bathi, akunandaba. Njengoba esho ku "Ukuxolisa" ngeke kube yiqiniso ukuthi umbono iningi, kodwa umbono womunye Umuntu omazi ngempela. iqiniso kuphela kungaba umbandela wokuthola ekuthathweni kanye namanye kuphela esiwathandayo iqiniso, ukulungele ukuthatha nabangani bakho.

USocrates uqhubeke kusukela isimiso esasivamile sokuziphatha:

- Musa ukwenza okubi (ngisho eziphendula bi bophezela abanye).

- Kuyadingeka ukulalela isimo.

Ukugwema isigwebo inkantolo Athene, wayezobe kuboniswe yokungamlaleli isimo, uSocrates banquma ukuthi kufanele yini ukubaleka ejele. Njengenjwayelo, izenzo zakhe zivumelana inkambo yakhe yokucabanga. Isazi sefilosofi wakhetha ukunamathela iqiniso futhi kuhlanzekile ngokokuziphatha, yize ke lubekelwe ukuphila kwayo.

Ngokuvamile, le duty ukwenza sasivumela kubaluleke eliyisisekelo kusukela iphuzu umbono ngokuziphatha, nokokuphunyuka USocrates yayiyobizwa igunya kubhekwe. Nokho, iqiniso lokuthi kufanele ngaso sonkhe sikhatsi abelalela isimo, akukwazi ngakho kakhulu ezithile. Kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa uSocrates, isimo kufanele aphathe izakhamuzi zawo njengomzali nengane, futhi ngoba abazali kuwufanele ukulalela, njalo njengoba nje kufanele ulalele isimo. Noma kunjalo, umbuzo we admissibility of ukuqhathanisa okunjalo kuyinto debatable. Balalele abazali babo - ukuzibophezela yesikhashana ukuthi sithatha size zikhula, futhi ukulalela isimo, kufanele eside kuze kube yilapho sifa.

Ukuze ukunakwa kwakho isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki zasendulo ezingamaGreki uSocrates yethulwa. Philosophy emfushane futhi cishe, kuyacaca okukhulunywa ngazo kulesi sihloko.