Existentialist - ifilosofi existentialism ...

Philosophy of khona akaconsi ekuthuthukiseni eliyisisekelo kwekhulu lama-20. It wayevela njengoba umzamo ukuze udale into entsha, ezahlukene kusukela ukubukwa asathuthuka indoda yesimanje. Kumelwe siqaphele ukuthi cishe awekho ongqondongqondo yayingekho i existentialist. I esiseduzane lo mqondo Sartre ababezama ukuhlanganisa bonke ulwazi ndawonye emsebenzini wakhe onesihloko esithi "existentialism - . A Humanism" Indlela ukuhumusha umqondo wegama elithi "inkululeko" existentialist sefilosofi? Funda ngezansi.

Ukuvunyelwa njengoba nefilosofi elikhethiwe existentialism

Ekupheleni sixties abantu wabhekana nenkathi ekhethekile. Le ndoda uthathwa njengoba into eyinhloko nefilosofi, kodwa kwathatha isiqondiso entsha ibonisa indlela zomlando wanamuhla, okungase kubonise isimo ukuthi ayedabula eYurophu ngemva kwempi, ekutholeni bazibangele esibucayi ngokomzwelo. Lesi sidingo ngokwengxenye Kuvezwe ngenxa ukuzwa ngemiphumela lempi, nokwehla kwezomnotho, ezombusazwe kanye zokuziphatha. Existentialist - indoda owuveza nemiphumela yezinhlekelele mlando kanye ngifuna indawo nokubhujiswa kwabo. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani existentialism sima siqine ngokwaso njengoba nefilosofi kwaba uhlobo imfashini imisinga kwamasiko. Lesi sikhundla kwaba abantu abavela irrationalism abalandeli.

History of the eside

Ukubaluleka komlando eside ngokwayo owango-1931, lapho uKarl Jaspers owethulwa nomqondo wefilosofi ekuphileni. Wakhuluma ngawo emsebenzini wakhe esithi "isimo esingokomoya isikhathi." Isazi sefilosofi Danish Kierkegaard owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi Jaspers umsunguli zamanje futhi wakhetha ke ngendlela ethile wokuba abantu. Isazi esithile sokusebenza kwengqondo owaziwa futhi zengqondo ekuphileni R. Meyi wabona yona njengendlela movement zamasiko ethumba ngiyibona ezijulile ezingokomzwelo nezingokomoya umphefumulo ubuntu asathuthuka. Lowo mdwebo isikhashana ngokwengqondo esingenza kube lula ngomuntu minutely siveza nobunzima esiyingqayizivele, yena kufanele abhekane.

Okuqukethwe yokufundisa

sefilosofi Existentialist ukumphakamisa nemisuka yezimfundiso zakhe Kierkegaard futhi Nietzsche. Imfundiso ibonisa izinkinga Liberals kokuntengantenga, okuyinto sincika phezulu intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, kodwa abakwazi ukubona amagama ukuphila usithe futhi nokwethuka. Eqala ukunqoba njalo imizwa ngokomzwelo: umuzwa wokuba lokuphelelwa ithemba futhi ngiphelelwe yithemba. Essence nefilosofi ekuphileni kuyinto maqondana enjalo rationality, esizibonakalisa ukusabela okuphambene. Abasunguli nabalandeli wagomela isiqondiso sokuhlukanisa izwe ku emgomweni futhi uhlangothi subjective. Zonke izenzo ukuphila zibonakala njengoba into. Existentialist - ungumuntu obona zonke izinto, esekelwe nomqondo owodwa subjective futhi umgomo. Umqondo oyinhloko: indoda yilokhu unquma ukuba kuleli zwe.

Kanjani ukuba uzazi kahle wena

Existentialists ukunikela ukuqaphela umuntu njengoba isihloko, owaphenduka esimweni esibucayi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa horror ebulalayo ngesikhathi awokuthi. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi ukuqaphela global kuba eduze indoda ngiyaphupha. Bacabanga ukuthi indlela yokwazi kweqiniso. Indlela eyinhloko ukuba badlulele kwelinye izwe kuyinto umuzwa.

Indlela ukuhumusha umqondo wegama elithi "inkululeko" existentialist zefilosofi

Indawo olukhethekile ifilosofi existentialism, esabela ukwakheka isixazululo senkinga inkululeko. Babona ukuthi kwakumelwe sikhethe esiqondile umuntu kusukela kwesigidi amathuba. izinto Isihloko nezilwane abanalo inkululeko, ngoba ekuqaleni essence. Ukuze amadoda anikezwa esaphila wuhlole futhi uqonde okushiwo ukuba khona kwazo. Ngakho-ke, umuntu ocabangelayo obhekene ngamunye isinyathelo izimisele futhi awukwazi nje wenza iphutha, omema kwezimo ezithile. zefilosofi Existentialist bakholwe abantu njalo ukuthuthukisa iphrojekthi lapho inkululeko - umuzwa ukwehlukana womuntu ngamunye kanye nomphakathi. Umqondo sitolikwa ngokuya "inkululeko yokuzikhethela", kodwa hhayi "umoya khulula." Kuyinto ilungelo untouchable wonke umuntu ophilayo. Kodwa abantu okungenani kanye akhethwe, babhekana umuzwa omusha - alamu ngokunemba ngesinqumo sawo. Lo mbuthano ngonya olandela umuntu kuze kube iphuzu lokugcina ukufika - sifinyelele essence yayo.

Ubani igama lale ndoda ekuqondeni abasunguli zamanje

Mae othile wacela ukusithatha indoda njengoba inqubo yentuthuko njalo, kodwa uhlangabezana crisis gqwa. Indlela yokuphila yaseNtshonalanga sibi kakhulu ubona lezi zikhathi njengoba ngabhekana nobunzima ukukhathazeka, yithemba ukungqubuzana impi. Existentialist - umuntu obhekene yena, imicabango yakhe, izenzo zakhe ukuba. Kufanele kube njalo, uma ufuna ukuhlala umuntu azimele. Futhi, kufanele ingqondo ithemba ukwenza izinqumo ezifanele, ngaphandle kwalokho okushiwo ikusasa lakhe kuzoba izinga elifanele.

izici Isici wonke abameleli existentialism

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izimfundiso ezihlukahlukene abeke imprints ezithile ku ifilosofi khona, kukhona eziningi izici esivela ilungu ngalinye Amathrendi kuxoxwa:

• Lasekuqaleni starting line yolwazi - kuyinqubo njalo ukuhlaziya izenzo komuntu. ngokuba kuphela ingakutshela zonke nobuntu. Ngesisekelo imfundiso akuyona umqondo jikelele, kanye nokuhlaziywa Ntu instantiated. Abantu kuphela abangakwazi ukuhlaziya khona yakho bayazi futhi kumelwe wenze kanjalo ngokuqhubekayo. Ikakhulukazi Heidegger waphikelela kuso.
• Man nenhlanhla uhlala ngokoqobo esiyingqayizivele, wagcizelela kaningi emibhalweni yakhe Sartre. Wathi alikho nezinye izidalwa ungenalo emhlabeni efanayo. Ngesisekelo lezo zizathu zakhe, singaphetha ngokuthi wonke umuntu azinake, ukuqaphela nokuqonda. izidingo laso eliyingqayizivele ukuhlaziywa njalo.
• abalobi Existentialist emsebenzini wakhe njalo chaza umnyombo walokho inqubo ngaphambi ukuphila okuvamile. Camus, isibonelo, wagomela ngokuthi ikhono siphile - lena ukubaluleka ezibaluleke kakhulu. Umzimba womuntu ubona okushiwo indawo yabo eMhlabeni ngesikhathi ukukhula kanye nokuthuthuka, kodwa ukuphela kuyobe kungakafiki sebekwazi ukuqonda ukuthi uyini ngempela. Futhi wonke umuntu ngale ndlela uhlukile. Izinhloso nezindlela ukufeza imiphumela emihle kakhulu futhi ezahlukene.
• Ngokusho Sartre, izizathu ukuba khona abahlala umzimba womuntu alikho. "Wayefanele isizathu ngokwakho, okukhethayo kanye empilweni yakho," - ukusakaza sefilosofi existentialist. высказывания от идей других направлений философии в том, что как пройдет каждый жизненный этап человеческого развития - зависит от него самого. Ngokungafani izitatimende ezivela emibonweni ezinye izindawo wefilosofi esesiye sadlula esigabeni ngasinye ekuphileni lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu - incike kuye. Quality imvelo ngeke nawo athinteke izenzo zakhe ukuthi he bophezela ekuzuzweni kwemiPhumela iwumgomo oyinhloko.

• Ukuba khona nomzimba womuntu, sanikwa ukuhlakanipha, ebiyelwe lula. Akukho imfihlakalo okumbiwa akakwazi ukunquma ukuthi ukuphila komuntu izobanjelwa, yini imithetho neziqondiso, azozenza, futhi yini - akukho.
• Man wedwa okufanele ingagcwalisa ukuphila kwakho kube nenjongo. Yena bangakhetha umbono wakhe emhlabeni, ukugcwalisa imibono yabo nokuwahumushela kolunye ngokoqobo. Angenza noma yini ayithandayo. Yilokho okushiwo kubo owaba ngo-kusame ekukhetheni siqu. Futhi iyatholakala ku ukhona ngokuphelele ezandleni umuntu enengqondo.
• Эго. Existentialist - kuyinto ukuzazisa. Kubhekwe kusukela umbono we amathuba Amazing wonke umuntu.

Ngokungafani amalungu nezinye izinhlangano zenkululeko

sefilosofi Existentialist, ngokungafani othisha, Abasekeli nezinye izindawo (ikakhulukazi Marxism), babe esivuna Zishiya yokusesha kuwumuzwa onengqondo zezenzakalo ezingokomlando. Babona asikho isizathu sokufuna iragelo phambili kilezi izenzo.

Umthelela on the ukwazi abantu kwekhulu lama-20

Njengoba izazi zefilosofi existentialist, ngokungafani kuya Ukukhanyiselwa, akafunanga ukubona iphethini yomlando, abazange balwela ukunqoba inani elikhulu abangane. Nokho, umqondo walesi nefilosofi mkhuba yaba nethonya elikhulu tebantfu. Izimiso yokuphila komuntu iyisikhathi esingakanani njengoba umhambi uyeza kwesimo sayo kweqiniso, umugqa yayo zokuziphatha parallel abantu ngokuphelele musa uyavumelana nalokho.