Isipiliyoni Montaigne siqu njengesisekelo incwadi "Ukuhlolwa". Montaigne, "Ukuhlolwa": isifinyezo

Pushkin ukuyifunda, kwaba njalo elele Lva Tolstogo edeskini. Le ncwadi wayengunkulunkulukazi othandwa kunabo e XVI-XVII eminyaka. Umbhali wayo - Eykem Michel de Montaigne (Dr. 28.02.1533, le ..) - basonta igagasi elisha izikhulu isiFulentshi, ezenzeka kusukela ngo isigaba yomthengisi. Uyise umbhali esizayo Pierre Eykem wahlala enkonzweni yasebukhosini, umama wayevela emkhayeni ocebile.

Ubaba sibucayi ukuqeqeshwa indodana yakhe. Wayeyindoda abafunde kakhulu, futhi umndeni umoya ezibalulekile zasendulo. Michel wathatha uthisha indoda encane ongazange asazi French nhlobo, kodwa ejwayelene kahle isiLatini.

Ezemfundo kanye nesimo kwezenhlalo

Mishel Monten wayenawo wonke amathuba ukuze wenze umsebenzi brilliant njengoba isisebenzi sikahulumeni. Wafundiswa ezikoleni engcono yezwe: emva ekolishi e Bordeaux lolungenamaphutsa iziqu University of Toulouse. Ezisanda wabhaka ummeli oneminyaka engu-21 ubudala bajoyine ngumahluleli we umeluleki bobukhosi, kuqala Périgueux, kodwa ngokushesha idluliselwe umuzi wakubo Bordeaux. Enkonzweni yakhe lwesayensi, wayenabangane khona. Isikhulu Erudite kabili akhethwe esikhundleni sokuba umeluleki.

Ngo 1565 Michel inzuzo washada noblewoman French Françoise de Shansan. Kodwana ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, emva kokufa kukayise, kwaba, weza ezweni ifa patrimony we Montaigne, ukuyeka umsebenzi wasebukhosini esigodlweni. Esikhathini esizayo, Mishel Monten wahlala ukuphila kwama gentry lawela, kokuba wazinikela umsebenzi wokubhala.

Kuyinto kumuzwa isidleke umndeni Montaigne wathululelwa phezu ephepheni.

Eqinisweni kwathiwa ukuqoshwa kokungenzi lutho abafundile Aristocrat ezithuthukayo. Wabadala ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, ikakhulukazi hhayi uyakuhlupha ukusebenza. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ezinye ukubukwa wesazi sefilosofi washintsha, ngakho umfundi Cabangisisa uzothola kule "isipiliyoni" imibono ambalwa iphambene.

Isazi sefilosofi French kanye nabantu, wabhala ethebuleni, ngisho ecabanga ukushicilelwa.

I esisemthethweni isakhiwo imisebenzi

Njengoba iqoqo khulula kokuma kwakhe, ukucabanga, ema-eseyi wadala Mishel Monten "isipiliyoni". Executive Summary lo msebenzi ngendlela onomfutho kakhulu ungaboniswa ibinzana, umbono yokuqala umlobi Renaissance ezimpilweni futhi amathemba ekukhuleni komphakathi wesimanje.

Collection yakhiwe imiqulu emithathu. Tindzaba eziqukethwe ngamunye wabo, bahlangana ukulandelana kwezikhathi elotshwa.

Umqulu wokuqala "Tindzaba" UMichel Montaigne iyalandisa ngesimo indzaba:

- indlela ngezindlela eziningi eyodwa kuzuza efanayo;

- ukuthi izinhloso zethu abe yijaji izenzo zethu;

- okuthuleyo;

- zokudabuka;

- umqambimanga, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi.

Umqulu wesibili kulotshiwe ngendlela efanayo weqoqo Montaigne. "Ukuhlolwa" bagcwala kuphindza acoce kombhali abalobi lasendulo futhi yobuKristu sphere ezahlukene khona komuntu:

- impermanence yayo;

- ku amacala ayilibalanga kuze kusasa;

- mayelana uthando lwabazali,

- ku-unembeza;

- izincwadi nokunye ..

Umqulu wesithathu litshela abafundi:

- a ezithophayo, iwusizo;

- ikhono lokukhuluma ngomusa;

- mayelana zokuxhumana;

- we ngentando yomuntu;

- mayelana nokulwela okwengeziwe eziningi ezinye izinhlobo umsebenzi womuntu.

izimo zomlando ka ukuvela zobuntu montenevskogo

Abathanda ifilosofi wenkathi ephakathi ka uCharles IX waseFrance baba baningi. Kube olunegazi (ngokuyisisekelo civil) impi phakathi kwamaKatolika namaProthestani. Ngokwesibonelo, iSonto LamaKatolika eshukunyiswa kokumiswa koMkhandlu WaseTrent 1545-1563 GG., Wahlushwa Yezinguquko ezweni of Michel de Montaigne, Franciscans paramilitary futhi eyinika amandla angavamile.

Emphilweni setepolitiki waseFrance wabuya isikhathi esabekayo Zamacala Ezihlubuki zangeNkathi Ephakathi. ISonto LamaKatolika wavuselela izindlela amandla ukucindezela EsengamaProthestani kuragela.

Franciscans futhi amaJesuit elawulwa umphakathi, olwisana ephikisayo. Amasosha, izindela bavunyelwa ukuba uPapa ngomyalo wabaholi induna ifeza ngisho nezono ofayo ngokuphathelene nabeZizwe. Musa zisale ngemuva ongumJesuit unya futhi azilungisele indaba ngokuthi ajezise umbuso senzo. Ngo umuzi ka-Bordeaux, umfana oneminyaka engu-15 ubudala, isazi sefilosofi esizayo, ngashumayela isijeziso collective, isingathwe ngu- Marshal Montmorency ogunyaziwe ukushweleza izakhamuzi wayihlubuka ukwanda intela ku usawoti. abantu 120 babebethelelwe eminqamlezweni, futhi iphalamende idolobha uyekwa.

Ezikhathini zokwesaba ukuthi iqoqo tindzaba, okuyinto ugxile isipiliyoni Montaigne, umbhali-isakhamuzi futhi sezifundo ebhaliwe. Nakuba eFrance ngokuqhubekayo kweengazi ... sefilosofi, efana emphakathini wonke, nge ukuqhaqhazela wathatha ukucekelwa cuphuluza Mariey Medichi Paris ngesikhathi okuthiwa St noBartolomewu, uma elahlatshwa amaProthestani French ayizinkulungwane ezingu-30.

Monen uqobo ngokuyinhloko hhayi eduze kunoma zamabutho zenkolo nezombangazwe ezilwayo, ngokuhlakanipha ekufezeni ukuthula civil. Phakathi kwabangane bakhe babengamaKatolika, namaProthestani. Akumangazi ukuthi owandile ezweni ngobushiqela, dogmatism futhi mva womuntu ideologically eziphikisayo nesipiliyoni yefilosofi Montaigne.

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka bokugcina bokuphila kwakhe sefilosofi asekelwe kuyanda ukuze amandla uMbusi uHenry IV, uyakwazi ukumisa ezimpini zenkolo futhi uqede kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo.

Civic nesikhundla komuntu

Wamelana isimiso 'philosophizing - kuyinto sokungabaza "Imfundiso bagomele, scholasticism, adonswa kusuka ekuphileni, wanikeza critique wabonisana beseqo zenkolo yamaKatolika, ukwehluleka ukuhambisana imiyalo yobuKristu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, siphawula ukuthi empeleni yayo sefilosofi kwakungelona induna enkulu, umholi womphakathi. Nakuba abantu besikhathi sakhe kubonakale isambulo eziphethweni ezingase wenza Michel de Montaigne.

"Okuhlangenwe Nakho Kwabantu", ezilotshiwe ngesandla wesazi sefilosofi-isakhamuzi, aqukethe ezimathonsi "imfundiso yasezulwini futhi enesimo" ungaphakathi "ezandleni omubi." Lokhu, waqaphela, "wadabula ukusakaza yokucabanga ngokwayo." (Kufanele kuqondwe izici zobuntu bakhe.)

Montaigne njengoba le ndoda yayingazimisele ukucasuka eyinqaba kwengqondo, ngakho wakhetha ukuba bangalibali inkulumompikiswano zidalwe kuphela zobumfihlo. Imisebenzi yakhe ifunda umbuthano elincane labangane, futhi lokhu kwaba banelisekile nje impela. Ingqondo yakhe ephapheme ezibucayi hhayi priemlel izikhulu kanye neziphathimandla. ibinzana Michel eziyizintandokazi wawuthi: "Ukuze valet namaqhawe abekho!" It kwenzeka konke kuhlobene nezinga ubuntu bakhe. "Metaphysics wami - isifundo uqobo," - wathi sefilosofi.

Ukutadisha umlobi kwakungomunye esitezi sesithathu basembhoshongweni Montaigne castle, namawindi kwalo wokhela ngasekupheleni ...

Imfundiso ngokuhlakanipha ekuphileni kwansuku zonke

Blockbuster eYurophu eminyaka XVI-XVII kwaba incwadi "Ukuhlolwa" Montaigne. Ingqondo ebucayi usosayensi wabanjwa ezingokoqobo entsha social yokuba sonxiwankulu. Isazi sefilosofi ngaphansi kobushiqela babizelwe ekuphileni imibono lasendulo yokufuna ukuhluka kwabanye, ukubekezelelana, ubuhlobo kuyindida ngokoqobo.

Montaigne uthi indoda akuyona okubi ngokuphelele ezinye eclectic, yasungulwa iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki uSathane. Omubi, nasekuthopheni ngombono wakhe, kukhona inkolelo ngaphandle ukumamatheka, inkolelo okweqile eqinisweni kuphela, akunjalo ngemibuzo. It wayengadlali okhonza njengesosha isisekelo sokuthethelelwa ukuthunyelwa Kuvunguza udlame emphakathini.

Isazi sefilosofi mabesesha bathola (njengoba sizochaza ngezansi) izimiso womphakathi ekahle. Yena kwakungekaNkulunkulu nenkululeko yomuntu njengoba okubaluleke kakhulu.

Ngokusho sefilosofi, ngoba jabulile pilo ngaphakathi kumele kube mnandi olinganiselayo futhi kokunakekela impilo yabo. Phela, ngokuvumelana logic of the zo lasendulo, izinjabulo kakhulu ezikhanga futhi sidonsele abantu ukuze alubulale.

Encwadini yakhe ethi, de Montaigne ( "isipiliyoni") eveza ukhohlwe eYurophu ephakathi, imfundiso yokungafi izicupho ukwazi lapho indoda echayeke lasendulo.

Ikakhulukazi, bambalwa kakhulu abantu banikwa ukuqonda ubuhle bemvelo kweqiniso efihlekile ngemuva lula zangaphandle. Umuntu akusho bavame yokwelula ingqondo yakho ukuze baqonde "Ukubengezela kuthule ubuhle."

indlela uqobo lolwazi

Njengoba i amafilosofi ehlukile encwadini imibono, kamuva ngecala futhi umlobi wayo yena - iSonto LamaKatolika, wabhala Mishel Monten "isipiliyoni".

Isifinyezo iqoqo indzaba ungaboniswa imibono wobunxiwankulu individualistic. Incwadi ezintathu-ivolumu is a non-ezivamile ngesakhiwo imicabango brilliant abafundile Aristocrat, obulandela Renaissance. Lo msebenzi ngokujulile indoda erudite. Sekukonke, ukuqoqwa Tindzaba iqukethe izingcaphuno ezingaphezu kuka-3000 abalobi ephakathi lasendulo. Ngokuvamile kunamanye sefilosofi ocashunwe Virgil, uPlato UHorace, esingumGreki, uSeneca, uPlutarch. Phakathi imithombo Christian yisho babecabanga iVangeli iTestamente Elidala, isitatimende umPhostoli uPawulu.

Eslphambanweni imibono zefilosofi ezingamaStoyiku, izazi, lokhu kugxeka kwabo ezibucayi wadala Mishel Monten "isipiliyoni".

Isifinyezo umsebenzi ukuphila esemqoka ye engumFulentshi okukhulu awubanga yize wafunda kwamakhulu amabili izikole European Yenguquko. Ngemva kwawo wonke lo msebenzi ngo-mkhuba imibono yefilosofi ososayensi, siziqonde ngokujulile amathemba wentuthuko yezenhlalakahle.

Yakhe ethi "imiphefumulo ababusi kanye zoboya zinqunywa isikhunta efanayo," kwaba ngemva kweminyaka engamakhulu amabili, ngo 1792, yisiqubulo iphephandaba - ukushicilelwa French Revolution.

Imithombo imibono sefilosofi

Kusobala ukuthi ngesikhathi ukuphikiswa kuqala inkathi yeziNguquko esontweni, isipiliyoni Montaigne sika zefilosofi, inselele isikhundla of the Catholic Church, kungenzeka kuphela ngasese wathululelwa ephepheni.

imibono yakhe aphikisana esemthethweni, ukugomela futhi prokatolicheskimi. Wayesebenza kahle imithombo yamandla theory kusukela eyayikhanga imibono imibono yabo ikusasa ngokuhlelwa komphakathi.

Usosayensi, ukwazi kahle Latin nesiGreki izilimi nokufunda yokuqala, futhi wayazi kahle imisebenzi ehamba phambili zefilosofi zasendulo. Njengoba isazi sefilosofi wawaziwa ngokuthi omunye otolika abanekhono kunabo zeBhayibheli French.

Lolu cwaningo impucuko imikhuba emibi isimiso upholavuthondaba

Ekhulwini XVI kwesinye Nenkabazwe zomhlaba kufika sokunqoba kokugcina kwe-Nguqulo Yezwe elandelwa abantu baseYurophu. ngesikhathi lapho ebhala Montaigne "isipiliyoni". Executive Summary lesi senzo nolaka futhi ezinobutha kubonakala ileja jikelele wesazi sefilosofi.

Usosayensi Enough wayazi ngokuningiliziwe mayelana nenqubekela phambili imikhankaso eMelika. Ukuba enkonzweni yenkosi, wayekhona emihlanganweni ihlelwe ezoFakazi le nkosi induna Indian zasebukhosini. Yena waba inceku, eminyakeni kweshumi zokuphila kwakhe sokuyokhonza e-Nguqulo Yezwe Elisha.

Cebisa isithombe wangempela Riche Nouveau - abanqobi of America - Kwatholakala ukuthi ebukekayo. It is wabonisa civilly ngesibindi Montaigne ( "isipiliyoni"). Incazelo yalokhu ukuxhumana kuqala geopolitical phakathi kwezizwe emazweni amabili kwehliselwe kokugqilazwa banal. Kunalokho uyakufanelekela ukuba athwale emhlabeni emfundisweni kaKristu, baseYurophu wadabula izono ofayo.

Lalolo hlanga ye-Nguqulo Yezwe ubekade indima kweBhayibheli a eliyiswa ekuhlatshweni. Usosayensi ukuthi abantu abahlala ngaphandle ingcebo nobumpofu, ngaphandle ifa, ukuhlukaniswa kwempahla ngaphandle ubugqila, ngaphandle iwayini, isinkwa, metal, waba nezimfanelo ezingokomoya ukuze ephakeme kunaleyo baseYurophu. Ngo nesilulumagama abomdabu zazingekho ngisho nokuba khona amazwi elisho amanga, ukukhohlisa, ukuthethelelwa, oshade naye, umhawu, ubuzenzisi.

Isazi sefilosofi ugcizelela Ukuvumelana ubudlelwane obufanele lwebantfu bemdzabu ye-Nguqulo Yezwe. Uncorrupted ngu impucuko somphakathi emiphakathi yawo. Silingana ngobudala bebizwa bazalwane, abasebasha - izingane, asebekhulile - obaba. Okudala, ezifayo, ukudlula umphakathi wabo impahla.

Sezifundo we abangcono ngokokuziphatha yezimpucuko ekuseni

Siveza ukuthi obuciko ukuhlela izizwe ezisemadolobheni ye-Nguqulo Yezwe kwakungewona eliphansi kuya baseYurophu Architecture (Mayan futhi-Aztec), usosayensi kugcizelelwe bokuphakama zabo zokuziphatha.

Ngu nenqubo ye ukwethembeka, ukuphana, ukhululeka usho okudingayo babeyizidlova lalilikhulu kakhulu kunalokho abanqobi yabo. Futhi yilokho bababulala: bona ngokwabo badumale, ithengiswe. Izigidi zabomdabu zabulawa, wonke Tenor impucuko yabo ukuthi "ibheke phansi".

Usosayensi uyabuza: "Ingabe ikhona enye inguqulo yentuthuko civilizational? Kungani abantu baseYurophu akazange ntombazane lemiphefumulo eyintombi izindinganiso zobuKristu kuya benemibono engcono? Kwenzeka isimanga, isintu been kahle. "

Ukholo kuNkulunkulu ekuqondeni sefilosofi

Olubonisa ukwehluleka neNkathi Yokumelana Nenguquko amafilosofi, usosayensi ngesikhathi esifanayo lidlulisela engqondweni yomfundi kakhulu ukuqonda okumsulwa futhi okucacile mkhuba kuNkulunkulu nokholo.

Ubona Nkulunkulu ube abstract, ezingaphelelwa isikhathi, ukuyo yonke indawo, asiphathelene nomunye logic womuntu noma inkambo yabo yokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ngakho, isigaba kaNkulunkulu kuhlobene imvelo ekhona, kanye imbangela zonke izinto Mishel Monten ( "isipiliyoni").

Okuqukethwe lo mqondo, ngokuvumelana usosayensi, umuntu unikezwa kuphela ekubonile izindlela obabazekayo, ngokholo.

Le nkolelo ibuye kaNkulunkulu lihlotshaniswa ngaphambili nokushintsha kobuntu mikhulu ukuze empeleni, umuntu ehamba endleleni yokholo, ugijima yonke kwemvelo. Futhi ekupheleni lo mgwaqo uthola izipho, eqinisweni, kungenye into.

Okwazi UNkulunkulu ngokholo ejulile ukungena ukuxhumana okuqondile naye ngqo. Futhi lokhu, esikhundleni salokho, ukhonza ekukholweni ngobuqotho Ukuvikelwa kusukela ezishaqisayo 'izingozi abantu "(ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, intando amaqembu ezombusazwe, abanothando ushintsho, kube noshintsho olusheshayo yokubukwa).

Nokho, Montaigne wayekungabaza umbono ka yokungafi komphefumulo.

Ukuthuthukiswa zoMthetho Stoicism futhi Epicureanism

dogmatism sezenkolo Mishel Monten waqhathanisa amasiko ka Epicureanism lasendulo futhi Stoicism. Thanda esingumGreki, isazi sefilosofi French ngokuthi izimiso zokuhle (isayensi zokuziphatha futhi isimilo) ibalulekile ngenxa ukuvumelana emphakathini kanye "ikhambi lokwelapha umphefumulo" lawo wonke umuntu. Lokho imithetho yokuziphatha, ngokombono wakhe, kungaba amatomu ukuze izinkanuko okubi yomuntu. It zivalelise ukubukwa owabhalwa ku ukuphakama isizathu okumsulwa imizwelo oluyingozi liyincwadi eyabhalwa abantu "Ukuhlolwa".

Mishel Monten ukusiqonda main nezimiso zokuziphatha, ubeka enhle ngaphezu kwakho konke umuntu enezimfanelo, ezihlanganisa umusa yekwentiwa. Ngoba ubuhle is phetho ezihlakaniphile okunenjongo umzamo volitional futhi kuholela umuntu ukuba anqobe izinkanuko zabo. Kuyinto ngenxa izimfanelo, ngokuvumelana Montaigne, indoda Ungashintsha ikusasa lakhe, ukugwema okusongela izidingo zakhe ebulalayo.

Usosayensi washayelwa eziningi zezinkolelo zesiko yesimanje European. Futhi wakhe ecabanga ngokucace kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuboniseni ukonakala zokungalingani yokufakelwa lwabantu umphakathi amakhosi asendulo, isazi sefilosofi likhuluma 'meaninglessness ume phezu kwezingodo, ngoba kusadingeka ngezinyawo zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu ngisho sobukhosi ophakemeyo ngeke ahlale esihlalweni sobukhosi lakhe. "

isiphetho

abafundi Modern, okumangalisayo organically ziqondakala isitayela lombhali, lapho ebhala Montaigne "isipiliyoni". Izibuyekezo ukugcizelela abasondelana isitayela wazo medieval ne Blogger yesimanje: umbhali wabhala ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula, ukugcwalisa kule umsebenzi ngesikhathi sami sokuphumula. Akazange bangene imininingwane design, ukwakhiwa umsebenzi.

Montaigne samane sabhala lokhu yinye indzaba ngemva kwenye ngesihloko sosuku, futhi ngaphansi umbono izenzakalo, izincwadi, ubuntu.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le ncwadi benamandla ubuntu umlobi. KuLo yaziwa, ekuqaleni ziqondiswe abangane bakhe ikhumbule yena. Futhi lokho kwasebenza! Okubhaliwe ivuliwe enobungane. Kuvame umfundi yiseluleko esihle ngokwabo. Uhlobo ukuthi ngabe ukunike kuye umzalwane osemdala.