Ifilosofi: Kuyini eyinhloko - ndaba noma ukwazi?

Ifilosofi - i isayensi yasendulo. It wayedabuka izinsuku kohlelo senceku. Futhi kuyathakazelisa ngokwanele, ngandlela-thile ngokushesha emazweni anjenge China, India bese kuba iGrisi. Emlandweni wesayensi eseneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2500. Phakathi nale nkathi sesisungule eziningi ukuzivoxavoxa, sibonakalisa amazinga yentuthuko izici zezombangazwe, zenhlalo nezomnotho emphakathini. Hlola ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene wefilosofi Yiqiniso, ezithakazelisayo futhi ezibalulekile. Kodwa zonke eziholela legumbi - inkinga yokuba futhi ukwazi.

ukwakhiwa ezahlukene inkinga efanayo

Umbuzo kokuqala wefilosofi, ogxile zonke izindawo, zavela ngezindlela ezahlukene. Nathi ekubeni futhi ngiqaphele - inkinga ngobuhlobo umoya kanye nemvelo, engqondweni nasemzimbeni, umcabango nokuba, njll ngasinye esikoleni yokucabanga wafuna izimpendulo embuzweni: iyini eyinhloko - ndaba noma ukwazi ..? Yini ayithintayo Benze bacabange nokuba? Lesi isilinganiso zefilosofi German Schelling futhi Engels liye labizwa ngokuthi i-mbuzo obalulekile wefilosofi.

Ukubaluleka kwalokhu Inkinga iba yokuthi kusukela isinqumo wayo elungile incike ukwakhiwa isayensi okudidiyelwe indima yomuntu kwi-jikelele. Ingqondo ndaba bangamathe nolimi. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo umbhangqwana eziphikisanako. Consciousness uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi umoya.

izinhlangothi ezimbili kumagazini ofanayo

Ngesikhathi umbuzo main zefilosofi: "Kuyini eyinhloko - ndaba noma ukwazi" - kukhona izikhathi - ekuphileni futhi ngokomqondo. Ukuba-ngamanye amazwi, ohlangothini ontological, itholakala ekutholeni isixazululo main izinkinga wefilosofi. Futhi ngokuyisisekelo ohlangothini engqondweni yethu noma epistemological, ukuxazulula umbuzo yini noma cha izwe knowable knowable.

Kuye idatha izinhlangothi ezimbili ihlukaniswe ezindaweni ezine eziyinhloko. Lona umbono ngokomzimba (izinto ezibonakalayo) kanye ukukhohliseka, wazibonela (empiricism) kanye abazibheka.

Ontology has ezindaweni ezilandelayo: ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo (zakudala futhi vulgaris), ukukhohliseka (inhloso kanye subjective), kwenza deism.

uhlangothi Epistemological imelelwa izinkomba ezinhlanu. Kuvele kamuva Ubu futhi umbono wokuthi uNkulunkulu akaziwa. Omunye amathathu - empiricism, rationalism, sensualism.

Ulayini Democritus

Esikhathini izincwadi, izinto ezibonakalayo uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ulayini Democritus. Abalandeli bakhe abangaphakathi abakholelwa impendulo efanele umbuzo iyiphi eza kuqala - ndaba noma ukwazi, kunendaba. Ngaphakathi accordance nga lo postulates izinto zimi kanje:

• ndaba ukhona ngempela, futhi izimele ukwazi;
• Matter - kuyinto nemiyo ezizimele; idinga uqobo kuphela futhi ithuthukisa ngaphansi komthetho yayo yasekhaya;
• ngiqaphele - Le mpahla ibonisa ngokwayo, elingelakwaJuda ndaba ehleliwe kakhulu;
• ukwazi akuyona nemiyo ezimele, kuba - nenhlalakahle.

Phakathi zefilosofi izinto, owabeka ngokwabo umbuzo enkulu iyiphi eza kuqala - ndaba noma ukwazi, bungabonakala:

• Democritus;
• Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes (esikoleni Milesian);
• EsingumGreki, Bacon, Locke, Spinoza, Diderot;
• WaseHerzen, Chernyshevsky;
• Marx, Engels, Umshicilelo Lenin.

lwaya yemvelo

Eceleni ukwaba izinto ezibonakalayo inhlamba. Limelela Vogt, Moleschott. Kule ndaba, lapho uqale ukukhuluma ngalokho isizathu esiyinhloko - ndaba noma ukwazi, indima ndaba absolutise.

Bamafilosofi umlutha ekutadisheni impahla ngosizo sciences ngqo: izibalo, i-physics, i-chemistry. Alilinaki engqondweni njengoba i entity nekhono layo ukuthonya ndaba. Ngokusho abamele lokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, inhlamba, ubuchopho bomuntu ukhiqiza umcabango kanye ukwazi efana kwesibindi, Bile. Lokhu kuthambekela ayiboni umehluko qualitative phakathi kwengqondo ndaba.

Ngokusho nocwaningo lwanamuhla, lapho umbuzo iyiphi eza kuqala - ndaba noma ukwazi, ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, amafilosofi ukuthembela ngqo futhi zemvelo wesayensi, ngokunengqondo ukufakazela postulates yayo. Kodwa kukhona ubuthakathaka - incazelo okuncane we okushiwo unembeza, ukungabi ukutolika imihlola eziningi zomhlaba ezizungezile. Ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo wabusa ifilosofi Greece (inkathi intando yeningi) e-United ka amaGreki, eNgilandi ekhulwini XVII, eFrance, kwekhulu XVIII, emazweni sezenhlalo kwekhulu XX.

uPlato umugqa

Ukukhohliseka kaPlato ngokuthi emgqeni. Abasekeli balobu mkhuba bakholelwa ukuthi ukwazi kuyinto eyinhloko, ndaba kulandela ukuxazulula inkinga main zefilosofi. Ukukhohliseka ihlukanisa ezindaweni ezimbili ezizimele: inhloso kanye subjective.

Abameleli beNdikimba isiqondiso sokuqala - Plato Leibniz, Hegel no kwabanye. Eyesibili ukwesekwa zefilosofi ezifana Berkeley futhi Hume. Umsunguli we ukukhohliseka umgomo kaPlato kubhekwe. Imibono le ndawo yakhiwa inkulumo ethi: ". Kuphela umqondo ka kwangempela futhi eyinhloko" ukukhohliseka Inhloso uthi:

• ngokoqobo ezungeze - ezweni imibono kanye sezwe sezinto;
• Eidos sphere (imibono) zikhona ekuqaleni e yaphezulu (emhlabeni wonke) engqondweni;
• izwe ngezinto ezibonakalayo futhi ayinayo khona ehlukile, futhi ubeqhakambisa imibono;
• ngamunye into ngabanye - eidoses samuntu;
• indzima lebalulekile ukuguqulwa ibe into imibono ethize kuhoxiswe Nkulunkulu-uMdali;
• Eidos ngabanye khona ngomqondo ovulekile, ngaphandle ukuqaphela kwethu.

Emotion futhi isizathu

ukukhohliseka subjective, ethi ukwazi kuyinto eyinhloko, ndaba yesibili, uthi:

• konke okukhona kuphela ingqondo zesifundo;
• Imibono ku umqondo womuntu;
• izithombe nezinto ezidaliwe futhi kwandile kuphela ingqondo ngokusebenzisa nakho sezinzwa;
• futhi ababaluleke noma Eidos hhayi nokuphila ngaphandle komuntu.

Ububi lo mbono wukuthi akukho incazelo onokwethenjelwa futhi okunengqondo mshini ukuguqulwa eidoses into ethile. ukukhohliseka zefilosofi elanqoba izinsuku kaPlato eGreece, ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Namuhla, kuyinto evamile e-United States, eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe Western Europe.

Monism futhi kwenza

Ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, ukukhohliseka - isibaluli monism, okungukuthi izimfundiso eziphathelene isimiso esiyinhloko ... Descartes eyasungulwa kwenza, ngokuyisisekelo elisemandleni mqondo:

• Zimbili izidakamizwa ezimele: ezingokwenyama nezingokomoya;
• elula anezakhi ngokomzimba;
• okungokomoya kunezinzuzo ukucabanga;
• konke emhlabeni isuselwe noma komunye noma into yesibili;
• izinto ngokomzimba zivela ndaba, nemibono - kusukela uyinto engokomoya;
• ndaba futhi umoya - okuyizinto ezihlobene obumbene ekubeni.

Befuna impendulo yombuzo eyisisekelo nefilosofi: "Kuyini eyinhloko - ndaba noma ukwazi '- kungenziwa ngokufingqiwe: ndaba futhi ngiqaphele zihlale khona futhi umphelelisi nomunye.

Amathrendi Okunye ifilosofi

Bunyenti ima kwelokuthi bobabili emhlabeni has a lot of izakhi, njengoba imfundiso yokuziphendukela monads Leibniz.

Deism ibona khona uNkulunkulu abake wadala umhlaba futhi akazange iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni yayo eyengeziwe, akuphazamisi ukuziphatha kanye nezimpilo zabantu. Deists kukhona zefilosofi isiFulentshi Ukukhanyiselwa kwekhulu XVIII - uVoltaire futhi Rousseau. Abazange melanani ukwazi lomama futhi bacabanga spiritualized.

Eclectic Ihlangana lwati loluphatselene ukukhohliseka nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo.

Umsunguli we empiricism kwaba esiyiNgisi uFrancis Bacon. Ngokungafani isitatimende uyiphupho: "Consciousness kuyinto eyinhloko maqondana ndaba" - theory enokwehla uthi ngesisekelo solwazi kungaba nakho kanye nemizwa. Esikhathini engqondweni (imicabango) akukho ayengaphendulwanga ekhiqizwa Ucwaningo.

Ukuphuca ulwazi

Umbono wokuthi uNkulunkulu akaziwa - isiqondiso, bephika ngokuphelele kungenzeka ngisho ukuqonda okungaphelele emhlabeni ngokusebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho subjective. Lo mqondo laqanjwa T. G. Geksli futhi umeleli esivelele sokuba umbono wokuthi uNkulunkulu akaziwa kwaba Kant, owayephikisa ngokuthi umqondo womuntu isethubeni elikhulu, kodwa elinganiselwe. Kulesi sisekelo, kanti nengqondo yomuntu kudala nezimfumbe futhi aliziphikisi abangenathuba amathuba isixazululo. Zonke lezi ukuphikisana umbono Kant sika, kukhona ezine. Omunye wabo: kukhona uNkulunkulu - uNkulunkulu akekho. Ngokusho Kant, ngisho nalokho kungokwalabo amakhono lolwazi yingqondo yomuntu, ngeke ukwaziwa, ngoba ukwazi uyakwazi kuphela ukubonisa izinto emizweni, kodwa isandla sawo singafinyeleli okwanela ukwazi okushiwo kwangaphakathi.

Namuhla, Abasekeli umqondo "Matter kuyinto eyinhloko - lisuselwa abalazi ndaba" zingatholakala kakhulu kuyaqabukela. Izwe isibe inkolo ngamakhasimende, naphezu umehluko kwemibono. Kodwa naphezu kwezinselele eminyaka ubudala search for ongqondongqondo, umbuzo eyisisekelo ifilosofi oyingqayizivele isinqumo. Kwakungeke kuvesane ukuphendula noma iyiphi abasekeli nobu-Gnostic, futhi amalungu aleli ontology. Le nkinga empeleni uhlala kungalungiswanga ngoba ongqondongqondo. Ngo zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, nefilosofi Western, imibukiso School ngincipha umkhuba ukunakwa ngase bendabuko umbuzo oyisisekelo zefilosofi. Kancane kancane ilahlekelwa ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo.

esikhona manje

izazi ezinjengo Jaspers, Camus, Heidegger, bathi esikhathini esizayo ingavuthi olufanele inkinga entsha zefilosofi - existentialism. Kuyinto umbuzo yomuntu khona kwakhe, ukulawula izwe ngokomoya, ubudlelwane zomphakathi yangaphakathi, inkululeko yokuzikhethela, injongo yokuphila, endaweni yayo emphakathini futhi umuzwa wenjabulo.

Ngokombono nenhlalakahle existentialism womuntu - iqiniso ngokuphelele esiyingqayizivele. Ngoba akunakwenzeka ukusebenzisa ngonya izilinganiso causality. Lutho zangaphandle akunamandla abantu, bayizithunywa bazibangela. Ngakho-ke, ngo-existentialism ukhuluma ngani ukuzimela kwabantu. Khona - lena ayesisebenzisa enkululeko, saliphi - endoda ngokwayo udale futhi okuyinto unomthwalo konke akwenzayo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kule ndawo kukhona Fusion wokungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu zenkolo.

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo abantu bezama ukwazi ngokwabo futhi zibone indawo yazo emhlabeni. Lo magazini ine njalo zefilosofi nesithakazelo. In the search for izimpendulo kwesinye isikhathi kwesokunxele lonke ekuphileni wesazi sefilosofi. Isihloko injongo yokuphila ihlobene eduze inkinga ngokujulile ukwakheka komuntu. Lezi imiqondo yamagama okwakuthandelene futhi ngokuvamile iyafana ne ekubhekaneni imihlola ephakeme yezwe impahla - indoda. Kodwa ngisho nanamuhla, ifilosofi abakwazi ukunikeza kuphela impendulo ecacile futhi lulungile zale mibuzo.