Isazi sefilosofi esingumJuda Martin Buber: Biography, ukuphila, nobuciko kanye ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

Martin Buber - lo sezifundo omkhulu wamaJuda sefilosofi, kanye owaziwa isibalo somphakathi nakwezenkolo. Lokhu ubuntu kuyadida, kunzima kakhulu. Abanye abacwaningi bacabanga ukuthi i-umhlaziyi, umsunguli Zionism. Abanye basibiza ngokuthi nefilosofi ekuphileni ubukhulu lokuqala. Ngubani empeleni kwakuwukugcwaliseka Martin (uMoridekayi) Buber? Umlando wakhe kanye nemisebenzi esemqoka uzobe anikezelwe athikili yethu.

Isazi sefilosofi waphila eside, kodwa abampofu zangaphandle ukuphila izenzakalo. Kodwa, noma kunjalo, yena waba isihloko imisebenzi eminingi oluchaza futhi izifundo. igama Buber sika emhlabeni odumile. Uye wasebenza emikhakheni ehlukahlukene isiko. Ukukhathazeka hhayi kuphela nefilosofi yokuba khona komuntu, kodwa futhi imfundo, ubuciko, kwabantu, bezombangazwe, benkolo (ikakhulukazi Biblical Studies). Umsebenzi wakhe ku Hasidism lahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi. Kodwa umfundi Russian iyatholakala ngisho imisebenzi sefilosofi. kodwa bayiswa "art Jewish", "Sokuvuselela Jewish" futhi ezihlokweni eziningi. Esikhathini yoma futhi idluliselwe izimali ezikhethekile. imisebenzi Buber BakaJehova babebizwa zibhaliwe futhi afinyelelwe phakathi izakhamuzi okuqhubekayo zaseSoviet samizdat.

Biography Martina Bubera. Ebuntwaneni futhi intsha

UMoridekayi wazalwa (Martin) Buber e Vienna mhlaka-8 Febhuwari, 1878 emndenini sasivumela elichumayo abangamaJuda. Lo mfana kwaba ngisho iminyaka emithathu ubudala, abazali bakhe bahlukana. Ubaba wathatha indodana yakhe Lemberg (namuhla Lviv, Ukraine), ubani-ke kwaba ingxenye yoMbuso Austro-Hungarian. Lo muzi iyikhaya umkhulu nogogo abasohlangothini kababa Martin - uSolomoni Adele. Shlomo Buber kakhulu (wafa ngo-1906) kwaba umnikazi ocebile. Kepha wayedume e Lviv akunjalo, futhi lokho kwaba uchwepheshe brilliant ku umbhali kombhalo. Ngakho-ke Futhi negunya elikhulu emphakathini Hasidic e Lviv. Kumkhulu umfana safaka uthando ngolimi lwesiHebheru. Yena ngokoqobo yakhoselisa enhliziyweni emhlabeni elithakazelisayo futhi okuyimfihlakalo Hasidism - inhlangano yenkolo ukuthi kwavela phakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalombili phakathi kwamaJuda athile aseMpumalanga Yurophu. Ugogo ufunda umfana izingxenyana ezicashunwe Kabbalah, noyisemkhulu bamfundisa isiHebheru, bagxilisa inzondo uthando izincwadi inkolo.

Hasidism kanye ifilosofi inkhulumomphendvulwano Martin Buber

E Lviv sefilosofi esizayo wafunda iqiniso "abangcwele" UbuJuda. Umsunguli Hasidism, Israyeli uBhali uShemi Tov, babekholelwa ukuthi ukholo lweqiniso akayena ezimfundisweni iTalmud, futhi okunamathiselwe uNkulunkulu ngayo yonke inhliziyo yethu, umphefumulo yokungenwa okukhipha ezingaqondakali womthandazo ehlukaniswe nemizimba ashisayo futhi abaqotho. Lokhu i-ecstasy yenkolo kwenzeka inkhulumomphendvulwano amalungelo noMdali womhlaba wonke kanye nezulu. Ngakho-ke, i-AMAHASID lihamba kude zangaphandle enqabelo eqine zobuJuda. Labo njalo uyakhuluma noNkulunkulu, tsadiks unekhono isiprofetho futhi clairvoyance. Laba bantu abangcwele ukusiza nezinye AMAHASID izindlebe insindiso kanye lokuhlanzwa ezonweni. Lokhu umhlaba wonke ongaqondakali futhi ezingaqondakali of kakhulu bathonya abasha Martin Buber. Encwadini yakhe ethi, "Indlela yami ukuba Hasidism" Uthi ngomzuzwana waqaphela ngokuyisisekelo ukuthi zonke izinkolo abantu. Lokhu kuxhumana, inkhulumomphendvulwano noNkulunkulu, ubuhlobo Mina Wena.

Imfundo. neminyaka yokuthomba

Umkhulu umnikazi waqiniseka ukuthi umzukulu wakhe owayebulawe imfundo ekhaliphile. Ngezinye nesishiyagalombili, Martin Buber wajoyina emfundisweni University of Vienna. Ngemva kokuthola iziqu, waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe ezikoleni zamabanga aphakeme e Zurich and Leipzig. Ngesikhathi University of Berlin othisha lakhe ibingamashumi Dilthey futhi Georg Simmel. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili, le nsizwa yaba nesithakazelo Zionism. Wayengumuntu ngisho uyisihambeli Okwesithathu, iCongress of the ukunyakaza abangamaJuda. Ngo nesishiyagalolunye namashumi kuqala unyaka wakhonza njengephayona umhleli Zionist we masonto onke "De Welt". Lapho iqembu uhlukanise, Buber, owayephila sikhathi e-Berlin, eyasungulwa ukushicilela endlini yakhe ngokuthi "Yudisher Verlag". It yakhipha amabhuku lamaJuda ngo-German. Ungavumeli intsha isithakazelo ezindabeni Hasidism. Wahumusha ku-German uchungechunge izindaba kanye ngemifanekiso of Rabi Nachman of Bratslav. Kamuva usebenza Hasidism bazinikele "uGogi noMagogi" (1941), "UkuKhanya we ezifihliwe" (1943) "Pardes ha hasidut". Buber okhokhela kakhulu ukunakwa kanye nemisebenzi yezenhlalakahle.

Zionism ndawonye

Ngo-1916, uMartin Buber waba umhleli oyinhloko we nyangazonke "Der uJude". Le ncwadi isibe isetshenziswa imvuselelo zobuJuda. Wasungula National Jewish iKomidi, okuyinto ekuqaleni Lokuqala Umhlaba emelelwa izithakazelo Eastern Europe Yishuv. Futhi ekugcineni, ngo-1920, isazi sefilosofi washayelwa isikhundla sakhe emphakathini. Wathi kubo ePrague Zionist Congress. Lesi sikhundla efanayo umsindo ikilasi socialism. Ngokuphathelene umbuzo kazwelonke, Buber kuthiwe "ukuthula nokuzwana nabantu Arab," igqugquzela kokubili izizwe ahlalisane ndawonye "ku a ezweni entsha esivamile." Isikhundla mina - Wena, inkhulumomphendvulwano lapho ohlangothini ngalunye ungezwa nokuqonda "iqiniso" komunye, kwakheka isisekelo ifilosofi wayecabangisisa.

IMpi Yezwe II, kwathi ngemva kweminyaka

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka phakathi nezimpi ezimbili, Buber wasebenza e-University of Frankfurt. Wakhonza njengephayona Uprofesa emnyangweni kwesimilo nefilosofi zobuJuda. Lapho amandla nantathu amathathu kwafika National Socialist, isazi sefilosofi walahlekelwa umsebenzi. Kungakabiphi, baphoqeleka ukuba babaleke eJalimane eSwitzerland. Kodwa kamuva bathuthela kuya noma kusuka kuleyo izwe ukuhlala engathathi hlangothi ezindabeni seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. Martin Buber, okuyinto ucaphuna nokuhlalisana ngokuthula phakathi kwamaJuda basePalestine, maye, babe "ngezwi elikhalayo ehlane", ewuyisa eJerusalema. Kulesi emzini ongcwele, isazi sefilosofi ayephila kusukela ngo-1938 kuya ku-1965. Washona 13 Juni eneminyaka engu ayisishiyagalombili nesikhombisa. Kwa-Israyeli, Buber wasebenza njengoba uprofesa eMnyangweni kwabantu e-University of Jerusalem. Ngo sixties ekuseni, wathola isihloko zokuhlonipha uMongameli wokuqala Israyeli Academy of Sciences.

Anthropological yokusondela ifilosofi Martin Buber

Nakuba usengumfundi, isazi sefilosofi ngokucace nengxenye Nietzschean izingxoxo kwentsha. Imfundiso umholi futhi isixuku, "indoda kancane" lwalungamukelekile kuye. Nokho, waqaphela ukuthi Nietzsche wazama ukubeka phambili inkinga khona komuntu esiyingqayizivele ezweni lapho 'Nkulunkulu uyenqaba abantu ebukhoneni Bakhe. " Nokho, kufanele ziqondiswe ngesisekelo ukubaluleka umuntu ngamunye, wacabanga Martin Buber. "Inkinga yomuntu" - ngokuyinhloko umsebenzi polemical lapho usosayensi othile ugxeka Nietzsche postulates. "Isifiso amandla" Awukwazi, ngokombono wakhe, ukukhonza njengephayona ukukhanya esiqondisa ubuntu namandla nemimoya khulula. Le ndlela kuphela kuholele ubushiqela okukhulu. Ezingxoxweni Nietzsche sika, kanye bedle Dilthey futhi Ziemer, othisha bakhe, e wavuthwa umqondo wakhe Buber uqobo ocwaninga ngenhlalo yabantu.

Martin Buber, "Mina": isifinyezo

Lo msebenzi, yebo, angabizwa ngokuthi imisebenzi esemqoka yefilosofi wayecabangisisa. It Buber esegqoka izikali ezahlukene maqondana "Mina - It" futhi "Mina - Wena". Kuphela mBhalo, inkhulumomphendvulwano kungenzeka, ekuchumana uyaphila. Lapho umuntu lisho into noma othile ngokuthi "ke" obuyisa ukusetshenziswa utilitarian. Kodwa umuntu - akusiwona izindlela futhi umgomo. Nalenye njengasezulwini "Wena" linikeza obambe iqhaza kwi-inkhulumomphendvulwano ezingokomoya, imvelo eyigugu. Bronis³aw Malinowski wethula elithi "mana" inzuzo Philosophical. Lena izwi basePolynesia ibonisa ngokunembile umuzwa doreligioznogo ukuqonda, uzizwa amandla angabonakali lithwala umuntu, isilwane, isihlahla, ngisho lo mkhuba le ndaba. Ngokusho Buber, kulezi zinhlobo ezimbili ubudlelwano zisenza sibe imiqondo zezwe ezimbili eziphikisanayo. Yiqiniso, umuntu ekuthola kunzima ukuhlala njalo esimweni "Mina - Wena". Kodwa lowo ngaso sonke isikhathi libhekisela emhlabeni ngaphandle ngokuthi "ke" olahlekelwa ngumphefumulo yayo.

Isakhiwo

Omunye umsebenzi eliyisisekelo, owabhala Martin Buber - "Two izithombe esithile sokholo." Kule ncwadi, isazi sefilosofi uyakhumbula nakho zakhe zasebuntwaneni lokungena ezweni eyimfihlakalo a izinkanuko kancane Hasidism. Iveza umehluko Talmudic yakhe yobuJuda. Kungenzeka futhi ukuba bahlukanise phakathi izindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo okholweni. Okokuqala, pistis - a okunengqondo "ngesiGreki" indlela. Ngalo mqondo, ukholo - bangeniswa Imininingwane ukucabangela. Ingahle ibizwe ulwazi noma ngisho "mbono zesayensi." Ukholo olunjalo "Pistis" umelana "emunah". Kusekelwe ithemba, uthando ophilayo, maqondana kuNkulunkulu ngokuthi "Wena." Buber komkhondo kanjani AmaKristu okuqala kancane kancane isuka umoya waseBhayibhelini nenhliziyo, ingqondo-mbono we Baba waseZulwini, ukuthi imfundiso Church iqoqo yakhe efile izifanekiso.

zemfihlakalo

Esikhathini amayunivesithi Zurich kanye Vienna, Martin Buber, ogama nefilosofi uthambekele kakhulu existentialism, psychoanalysis ukulalela izifundo. Unendaba ubuntu kuzo zonke izici zalo. Imibono nezimfihlakalo usosayensi akaboni njengoba zokugula ngengqondo. Isihloko mqondo yakhe zobudokotela kwaba Ucwaningo olunzulu ifilosofi Meister Eckhart futhi Yakoba Bome. Lezi-German nezimfihlakalo ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi yaba nethonya elikhulu ku-Buber. Njengoba umfundi Dilthey, isazi sefilosofi wazama ukujwayela ezikuthola enkolweni ye ahlaza Dominican Eckhart. Ukuze zonke pilgrimage wokuphenduka ukudla, konke isebenzisa owayo yenkolelo, kuba ngalutho uma umuntu akafuni ukuhlanganyela noNkulunkulu. Boehme uthi futhi imiyalo kumelwe ibe ngaphakathi letawubhalwa ezibhebheni kwenhliziyo, futhi hhayi libe ngaphandle njengoba nezimfundiso.

«Legends Chassidic»

mkhuba Mystic ebuJudeni - kuba ugqozi, lapho ukuphela kokuphila nethonya Martin Buber. Amabhuku Hassidism lo mbhali aye kuye kuhunyushelwe ezilimini eziningi. Kuzo, uzama embule ukholo ngokuthi inkhulumomphendvulwano noNkulunkulu, njengoba ithemba eziphilayo kuMdali. Umsebenzi wokugcina kwaba "isiko Chassidic." IsiRashiya kuhunyushwe kuphela lokuqala umthamo yayo. Kule ncwadi, Buber Hasidism wanikeza isithombe esisha - a zemibhalo. KaNkulunkulu yambulwa ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge ukuzethemba ukuba kulandiswe. Kuphela ngale ndlela, ngokuvumelana Martin Buber, kungenzeka njengamanje lokusungulwa inkhulumomphendvulwano ibhuloho phakathi kwabantu "sacrum", phakathi "Mina" futhi "wena." Le ndlela iye wagxeka kaGereshomu Scholem, umsunguli we cwaningo academic ukuhamba ezingaqondakali yobuJuda. Wayekholelwa ukuthi Buber indiva ifa yefilosofi Hasidism.