Erlih uPawulu: umnikelo isayensi

Erlih uPawulu - usosayensi edumile emhlabeni wonke-German nodokotela, wathandwa 1908 uMklomelo KaNobel ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe emkhakheni kwezokugoma. Kanyekanye kwaba wemithi kanye bacteriologist. Waba nguyise ngamakhemikhali.

Paul Ehrlich: Biography

Umfana wazalwa Mashi 14, 1854 ku Stshelene emkhayeni, ehlanganisa abantu abayisithupha: kwabazali nezingane ezine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena waba ingane encane kuphela umfana. Ubaba uPawulu wayeyindoda ecebile, njengoba kuthatha distillery futhi waba yezihambi coaching. Zonke izingane wakhulela bawuhloniphe nemibandela namasiko obuJuda. Lapho esemncane umfana waba nesithakazelo emlandweni zemvelo, futhi kwakunjalo ekuqaleni othobekile kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe enkulu.

Adume Karl Veygert (umzala kanina) kungaba nomthelela wokukhula okuthe ukuthuthukiswa isithakazelo kwezempilo nezesayensi ku uPawulu abasha. Lo mfana kwaba ngo Breslau esikoleni, okwathi ngemva kwalokho ngaqhubeka nezifundo zakhe ezikoleni zokwelapha. Bafunde, Erlih uPawulu wathola umsebenzi esibhedlela Berlin.

Ukuqala indlela isayensi

izifundo lakhe lokuqala olwenziwa ku abasha amaseli usosayensi igazi, staining nabo imibala lahlukene lasetjentiswako. Ngenxa yalokho zokuhlolwa kwakhe, wathola izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene leukocyte, umnkantsha echaza ukuthi libaluleke kanjani ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana egazi kanye insika kwakutholakala e-ezicutshini.

Ngenxa staining uPawulu Ehrlich, isithombe ongawabona kulesi sihloko, wakwazi ukuthuthukisa indlela olukhethekile ukuthola isifo sofuba amagciwane, okuyinto babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu inqubo ekuxilongeni isifo ezigulini.

ukuqonda isayensi

Staining amaseli, usosayensi abasha oboné ngempumelelo ewumbukwane wezokwelapha, okuyinto ukuthonywa esizayo akhe aqhubekayo. URobert Koch wakwazi futhi ULouis Pasteur - ososayensi, kusekelwe imisebenzi okuyinto Erlih zikaPawulu futhi phambili bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe emzabalazweni kanye amagciwane. Ukuba namanje umfundi ongenalwazi, insizwa ngifunde incwadi ekhuluma ubuthi phambili, okungase Ungashiyi ingqondo womfana uphumule. Kulesi sifundo, kuthiwa, eba phakathi umzimba, phambili aqoqana izitho ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulula kakhulu ukufakazela esebenzisa amakhemikhali.

Ngakho, usosayensi abasha wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi kubalulekile ukuba ukucinga izinto ezinjalo, okuyinto lizonamathiselwa i-bacterium iyingozi niwabophe. Lokhu kusiza ukuba ayeke engena emzimbeni womuntu izinto eziyingozi. Hard ukukholelwa, kodwa kuze kube isiphelo sesimiso usosayensi uye wahola upende elula wasebenzisa luyingxenye ngenxa yelukuluku. Waqaphela ukuthi uma upende uyakwazi ukuba banamathele izicubu futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukuze upende, ngakho lo dade uzokwazi unamathisele futhi amagciwane ayingozi futhi sibabulale.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela "ikhambi elinguzifozonke"

Ngo-1878, Erlih uPawulu waba udokotela induna esibhedlela e-Berlin. Ngakwazi ukuthuthukisa izindlela zabo izifundo histological. Waqale obudaywe amagciwane phezu ingilazi, futhi wabe izicubu izilwane zibulawa izifo ezithathelwanayo. Futhi uma esethula udayi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emgudwini wegazi ka Unogwaja eziphilayo. Ngokuhamba ukuhlola usosayensi emangala nemiphumela engakholeki.

imibala Blue yayimane nje ubuchopho nezinzwa. Zonke ezinye izicubu ziye lingaphendulile umbala walo. Ehrlich wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi uma kukhona upende ezingaba ibala noma yiluphi uhlobo oluthile kwezicubu, kukhona ke ikhemikhali enobuthi ukubulala uhlobo oluthile nezilwanyana ezincane eziyingozi. Ngenxa yalaba kokuma umsuka umbono 'magic ichashazi ", thina kusho engene umzimba elinegciwane into okwazi ngokushesha kakhulu ukubulala zonke izidalwa elimazayo.

"Sleepy" isifo

Erlih uPawulu, umnikelo microbiology okuyigugu kakhulu ngo-1906 baba umqondisi we-Institute of kokulinganisa serotherapy. Ngaleso sikhathi waba nesithakazelo "ukuwozela" isifo ubulele ngaleso sikhathi inani elikhulu Afrika. Ososayensi baye baklama isimangaliso ikhambi "Atoxil" ezibhubhisa trypanosomes, kodwa umuntu walahlekelwa emehlweni akhe. Erlih uPawulu wathola ukuthi ithuluzi yakhiwa arsenic okuyinto ushevu samanje.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko usosayensi kwaba kokusungulwa isikhungo enjalo engabulala konke trypanosomes, kodwa yayingakuthinti womuntu ebulalayo. Amakhulu izinto kwazanywa, kodwa alawa magciwane ukukhiqiza amasosha omzimba, ngakho izidakamizwa bengakwamukeli. Nokho, naphezu kwezimo ezidumazayo abhekana nazo eziningi, uPawulu wakwazi ukwakha ikhambi "ukuwozela" isifo.

izifo Venereal

Izifo ezihlala Sikhathazekile abantu isikhathi eside. Ngenkathi bacteriology, ososayensi abaningi baqala ukufuna Amagciwane izifo ezihlukahlukene, futhi ngesikhathi bakwazi ukuthola ezintathu. imbewu eletha Okokuqala isipatsholo watholakala ke chancroid nogcunsula ekugcineni, okuyinto agent causative of Treponema pallidum.

Ikhambi ugcunsula

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye ngasekupheleni futhi, imijovo emthanjeni ayeseqala nje ukuvela. Ngo izibhedlela, basuke cishe ayisetshenziswa. Kodwa konke kwashintsha ngemva Erlih uPawulu wanikeza umuthi okwazi ukwelapha ugcunsula. Izama ukwenza wabekwa, umphumela wawuba ekhexisayo. By endleleni, besebenzisa ucwaningo lwesayensi amakhemikhali yakhe usosayensi idale Umkhuba omusha kwezokwelapha.

Akademik ezihlongozwayo ukwelapha ugcunsula izinto ezinjalo lapho ziqala ukwakheka ku namachibi arsenic kwakwakhe esebenzayo. Kodwa, ngeshwa, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba aluqede ngokuphelele umonakalo yayo ebulalayo ngokuhamba sebuningini ukuhlolwa.

Okungalindelekile Ukujikeleza ejwayelekile

Paul Ehrlich, i-microbiology kabani ubizo kwaba, ngo-1887, baba likaprofesa, futhi 1890 - uprofesa waseyunivesithi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wasebenza Roberta Koha Institute. Ngo-1888, phakathi nomunye wemikhankaso ucwaningo laboratory yigciwane nesifo sofuba. Ukuthatha umfazi namadodakazi akhe amabili, waya eGibhithe ukuze bayothola ukwelashwa. Kodwa esikhundleni ngenjongo yokwelapha izifo eyodwa, waphathwa isifo sikashukela. Lapho isimo sempilo lithuthukile, umndeni wabuyela Berlin.

Kusukela ngo-1891, Erlih UPaul, imisebenzi bebelokhu iphuzu ukuqala ngoba ososayensi kakhulu, isikhathi esiningi abazinikele ukukhethwa amakhemikhali ezidingekayo for ekwelapheni izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ngaphandle. impumelelo Waqala ukulungiselela ngesisekelo methylene blue, okuyinto senzelwe ekwelapheni umalaleveva yezinsuku ezine. Ngemva kwalokho, waqala ukusebenzisa amanye udayi eziningi. Phakathi nale misebenzi, wayengumuntu wokuqala owaphawula nezilwanyana ezincane ukujwayelana ukwethula imikhiqizo. ukusabela immunological lebekelwe ukululama.

UMklomelo KaNobel

Usosayensi owahlongoza kuqala imfundiso yokuziphendukela amasosha omzimba - ikhono lomzimba okuzivikela ngokumelene emizimbeni zofuzo angaphandle. He qamba imfundiso yokuziphendukela amaketanga ohlangothini, okuyinto ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi kwezokugoma. Ukuze lo msebenzi, kanye usosayensi German Mechnikov bathola uMklomelo KaNobel ngo-1908.

Erlih uPawulu: umnikelo isayensi

Ngo-1901, udokotela kanye nososayensi anolwazi uqala ukubhekana nodaba wokwelapha isifo somdlavuza. Wakha uchungechunge olukhethekile ucwaningo lapho izilwane kuwo isimila wakwazi futhi ukufakazela ngokokuqala ukuthi izilwane izimpendulo mzimba elakhiwe emva ukunyamalala xhumelela lwesimila.

Ukutholakala ezibaluleke kakhulu, ososayensi baqala lokuthola elingaziwa ukuze isayensi insika emangqamuzaneni okuthiwa zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni amasosha omzimba. Futhi uPawulu ukufakazela ukuthi kwengqamuzana ngayinye umzimba ophilayo, ozokusebenza ngezi omzimba has receptor ethize uyakwazi siqaphela ejenti angaphandle. Kuyinto ngenxa yezinto ezinjalo futhi Erlih uPawulu bathola uMklomelo KaNobel.

Ehrlich wazibonisa emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, njengoba kuchazwe ngu yokusabela kakhulu kwezokwelapha. Ngenxa yalesi wathola Medal of Liebig.

Wayengumuntu ilungu ayisikhombisa imiphakathi zesayensi emhlabeni futhi academy. Namuhla ngegama lakhe: Institute imikhiqizo immunological, kanye ezitaladini, izibhedlela, izikhungo zemfundo, imiphakathi zesayensi kanye izisekelo, umklomelo zatholakala ngokwesayensi. Futhi ngegama lakhe Crater the Moon.

Ngo-1909, uNicholas II waklonyeliswa Order of zezemfundo St Anne futhi ukhishwa isihloko ikhansela yangasese. Ehrlich wesulile esikhundleni sakhe ngoba akakwazanga makalahle wokholo lwamaJuda.

Wayeshadile kowesifazane onikele umthengi kanye izici zezimali zokuphila kwakhe. UPawulu wayengumuntu ngagamanxa isayensi. Akukho okunye awuzange ukulalelisisa. Ngangibona ukubhala kunoma iyiphi indawo, eziqala phansi futhi izindonga futhi kokuqeda ngezandla interlocutors.

Usosayensi wafa 20 Agasti, 1915 ithi ihlaselwe apoplectic e Bad Homburg. Wembelwa emathuneni abangamaJuda. Ngo-1933, amaNazi wabhubhisa lesikhumbuzo, kodwa wabuyiselwa futhi.