Izimiso Zemvelo: izinhlobo ecosystem. Lesitshalo ukuhlukahluka zemvelo

Ecosystem - a izakhiwo ezivamile yemvelo, okuyinto akhiwa iqoqo eziphilayo yazo. Ucwaningo kula maqembu ukuze bahlanganyele isayensi ngemvelo.

Igama elithi "ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo" wabonakala ngo-1935 Sebenzisa lalineseluleko semvelo English A. Arthur Tansley. Ngokwemvelo noma ezenziwe umuntu eziyinkimbinkimbi yemvelo lapho kokubili kwabaphilayo engaqondile izingxenye zitholakala ubuhlobo obuseduze ngu umzimba nokusatshalaliswa ukugeleza amandla - konke kufakwe elithi "ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo". ecosystem izinhlobo ngesikhathi esifanayo zihlukile. Lezi lisisakhiwo nemisebenzi yokusetshenziswa uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli sub-zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu ahlukene futhi efunda ngesayensi kwemvelo.

Kusigaba umsuka

Eplanethini yethu kukhona isimiso semvelo ehlukile. Ecosystem izinhlobo zihlukaniswa ngendlela ethile. Nokho, ukuze uhlanganise ndawonye zonke ukwehluka amayunithi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli engenakwenzeka. Yingakho kukhona ngeengaba eziningana izimiso zokusebenza kwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlukanisa imvelaphi yabo. Ziyakwazi:

1. Natural (zemvelo) ecosystem. Lezi zihlanganisa izakhiwo lapho nokusakazwa izinto Kwenziwa ngaphandle kokuqondiswa umuntu.
2. Okwenziwe umuntu (yabantu) kwemvelo. Ziyakwazi komuntu futhi kungaba khona kuphela uma ngqo asekelwe.

zemvelo

izakhiwo Yemvelo ezikhona ngaphandle kokuqondiswa umuntu, babe siqu ngezigaba zabo zangaphakathi. Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zemvelo ngesisekelo amandla:

- bathembele ngokuphelele ezintweni emisebeni yelanga;

- uthole amandla abo hhayi kuphela ovela umzimba wasezulwini, kodwa futhi evela kweminye imithombo yemvelo.

Eyokuqala yalezi simiso semvelo ababili engatheli. Nokho, lezi izinhlelo zemvelo ezibalulekile ukuze iplanethi yethu, ngoba kukhona izindawo omkhulu futhi nomthelela ekwakhekeni sezulu, makaziphothule lemiqulu emikhulu emoyeni, njll

izakhiwo Yemvelo ethola amandla ezivela emithonjeni eziningi ukuyedlula.

Artificial iyunithi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

isimiso semvelo ehlukile yabantu. Ecosystem izinhlobo fanele kuze lo xuku zihlanganisa:

- Agro-isimiso semvelo, okuyinto umphumela ukuziphatha wezolimo womuntu;

- tehnoekosistemy ezivela ukuthuthukiswa imboni;

- urbanoekosistemy ezivela ukusungulwa zokuhlala.

Zonke lezi zinhlobo ecosystem ezenziwe umuntu wadala iqhaza ngqo yomuntu.

A ezihlukahlukene izingxenye kwemvelo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

Izinhlobo kanye nemvelo zemvelo zihlukile. Futhi kwemvelo uwahlukanise ngesisekelo izimo zezulu bese kwemvelo zikhona. Ngakho, kukhona amaqembu amathathu eziningana amayunithi ezahlukene uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu kweMvelo zemvelo:

- phansi;

- angenasawoti;

- Maritime.

izimiso zemvelo Terrestrial

Izinhlobonhlobo eliwumhlaba ecosystem uhlobo kuhlanganisa:

- Arctic nezimfunda alpine;

- coniferous ihlathi Boreal;

- afanayo lezihlahla zone esipholile;

- asemaqeleni;

- amathafa kanye zlakovniki tropical;

- chaparali, iyona ndawo nge ehlobo ezomile futhi ebusika liyana;

- Desert (njengoba nezihlahla herbaceous);

- Semi-siluhlaza ese, etholakala ezindaweni zonyaka evelele nesasehlobo;

- amahlathi emvula siluhlaza ezishisayo.

Ngaphezu izinhlobo ezinkulu, zikhona izimiso zezinto eziphilayo zesikhashana. Lokhu ihlathi-emathafeni, semidesert, nokunye. D.

Izizathu khona izinhlobo ezahlukene izakhiwo zemvelo

Ngasiphi isisekelo ezibekwe kule planethi yethu ehlukahlukene zemvelo? Izinhlobo odabuka yemvelo kukhona isimiso semvelo endaweni ethile kuye yemvula nezinga lokushisa emoyeni. Kuyaziwa ukuthi isimo sezulu ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba has umehluko omkhulu. Lapho lokhu akufani, kanye nomtamo kwezulu. Kungaba ku ezahlukene amamilimitha angu kusuka 0 kuya 250 noma ngaphezulu. Kulokhu, kwezulu noma nombala ngoba zonke izikhathi zonyaka, ukuwa ku share lomcoka ezithile isikhathi ezimanzi. Okuxubile eplanethini yethu, futhi asho lokushisa lonyaka. Kungaba amanani asuka amagugu angemahle noma ukufinyelela amathathu nesishiyagalombili degrees Celsius. Ukushisa abahlukahlukene futhi emoyeni mass ukuqinisela. It may noma kungenzeka ukuthi awunayo umehluko omkhulu phakathi nonyaka, ezifana enkabazwe, futhi kushintsha njalo.

Izimfanelo izakhiwo

Lesitshalo ukuhlukahluka zemvelo, iqembu eliwumhlaba kuholela yokuthi ngamunye wabo inezici ayo ehlukile. Ngakho, emathafeni ase-, okuyinto zitholakala ngasenyakatho ehlathini, kukhona sezulu esibandayo kakhulu. Ngenxa yalesi endaweni libhekene okushisa angaphansi kwesilinganiso nokushintsha usuku polar nobusuku. Summer kulezi zingxenye ihlala amasonto ambalwa nje. Kulokhu, umhlaba isikhathi iqhwa elisenyameni imitha ukujula encane. Inzika emathafeni ase-iwe esingaphansi 200-300 mm ngonyaka. Ngenxa lezi izimo zezulu, la mazwe kukhona izimila abampofu, emelelwa kancane ekhula ulele, moss futhi ezinwabuzelayo nezihlahla noma cranberry yemifino kanye aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngezinye izikhathi, ungathola birch yemifino.

Ayikho ukujula ezahlukene ezilwaneni nasezimileni. Yena imelelwa reindeer, nezilwane ezincane ezincelisayo burrowing, kanye nezinto ezidla ezifana Ermine, impungushe weasel and. Izwe izinyoni imelelwa isikhova polar, iqhwa buntings futhi plovers. Izinambuzane phezu emathafeni e iningi - zinhlobo Diptera. Tundra Ecosystem kakhulu sengozini ngenxa ikhono abampofu ukuze alulame.

A ezihlukahlukene ezahlukene ihlathi Boreal, elise ezisenyakatho Melika eYurophu nase-Asia. Ngenxa yalesi ecosystem libhekene ebusika obubanda kakhulu nangenkathi ende futhi kwezulu eminingi ngesimo iqhwa. Izitshalo imelelwa afanayo siluhlaza coniferous, okuyinto lukhula fir nesihlahla sonwele uphayini larch. Abameleli emhlabeni isilwane --moose futhi izimbila, amabhere futhi izingwejeje, Sable futhi Wolverine, impisi kanye ama-lynx, impungushe mink. Ehlathini libhekene amachibi eziningi futhi emaxhaphozini.

amahlathi ezibunayo ethulwa elandelayo yesimiso semvelo. Amafomu yalolu hlobo kwendawo yemvelo atholakala empumalanga US, eMpumalanga Asia naseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Lo moya zone yangezinkathi ezithile, lapho izinga lokushisa ebusika lehla ngezansi zero, futhi uwela ngaphansi ngonyaka kusukela 750 1500 mm imvula. Izitshalo yalesi ecosystem uvezwa izihlahla ezinjalo ezibanzi enezicabha like beech, yebo isihlekehleke somuthi, umlotha futhi Linden. Kukhona nezihlahla ungqimba enamandla ngezindleko zemithi engamakhambi. Nezilwane imelelwa amabhere futhi amaphiva, ama-lynx nezimpungushe, izingwejeje futhi shrews. Phila kule-ecosystem, izikhova futhi Iziqophamithi, thrushes futhi Falcons.

Asemaqeleni esishintshashintshayo esipholile kukhona eYurophu nase-Asia naseNyakatho Melika. nozakwabo kukhona tussoki eNew Zealand, kanye pampas yeNingizimu Melika. Isimo sezulu kulezi zindawo libhekene seasonality. Ehlobo, umoya ukufuthelana yi esipholile efudumele izindinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu. amazinga okubanda ebusika ophambene. Kuwo lo nyaka, zikhona phakathi kuka-250 no-750 kwangu kwezulu. I izitshalo emaqeleni umelwe ngokuyinhloko Turf utshani. Phakathi kwezilwane kukhona inyathi newula, le saiga futhi izingwejeje, onogwaja marmots, izimpisi nasezimpisini.

Chaparali ise-Mediterranean, kanye e-California, Georgia, Mexico kanye ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Australia. Lokhu omnene esipholile sezulu esishintshashintshayo lapho ekuweni amamilimitha angu-500 kuya kwangu-700 imvula phakathi nonyaka. Izimila kukhona nezitshalo ezokudabuka kwamanye amazwe nge siluhlaza kushiya eqinile efana zasendle ephistakhiyo, umfire nabanye.

Lezi izimiso zokusebenza kwemvelo, njengoba izinkangala asezindaweni eMpumalanga Afrika Ephakathi, i-Ningizimu Melika nase-Australia. Iningi lawo elitholakala eNingizimu India. Le ndawo sezulu esishisayo futhi omile, lapho phakathi nonyaka liphuma 250 kuya 750 mm imvula. Nezimila ikakhulukazi - Cereal aluhlaza, lapha kuphela khona ezinye izihlahla lezihlahla ezingavamile (wamasundu ama-baobab ngesiNgisi kanye acacias). Fauna imelelwa amadube antelopes, obhejane, izindlulamithi, izingwe namabhubesi, griffins, nokunye .. Abaningi kulezi izingxenye izinambuzane igazi-abancela ezifana fly zidlulisela isifo.

Ezingwadule atholakala izingxenye ze-Afrika, enyakatho Mexico, nokunye. D. sezulu esomile, nge imvula esingaphansi 250 mm ngonyaka. Izinsuku ezingwadule ashisayo kanye nobusuku obubandayo. Izitshalo zinokuphila okunempilo imelelwa Cacti nezihlahla kwaphela nge impande izinhlelo ebanzi. Phakathi izilwane zasendle kukhona izingwejeje ezivamile futhi jerboa, antelopes nezimpisi. Lokhu-ecosystem ethambile kalula ubhujiswe bedle amanzi nomoya ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi.

Semi-siluhlaza tropical lezihlahla amahlathi atholakala eMelika Ephakathi-Asia. Kulezi zindawo, abantu kukhona interchangeability kwezinkathi zonyaka nesasehlobo. Imvula yonyaka - kusuka 800 kuya 1300 mm. amahlathi emvula uhlalwe nezilwane eziningi.

amahlathi emvula siluhlaza Tropical atholakala ezingxenyeni eziningi iplanethi yethu. Alapho eMelika Ephakathi, enyakatho mpumalanga yeNingizimu Melika, e-enkabeni nasentshonalanga Afrika bhé, ezindaweni ezisogwini of enyakatho ntshonalanga ye-Australia, kanye iziqhingi zasePacific Oceans Indian. Isimo sezulu efudumele kulezi zingxenye musa ihluke seasonality. imvula okuchichimayo idlula umkhawulo ka 2500 mm unyaka wonke. Lolu hlelo elinesimo okunhlobonhlobo yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene.

izakhiwo zemvelo ekhona, njengoba umthetho, Awunawo imingcele ecacile. Phakathi kwabo kuyinto ngempela indawo inguquko. Akukhona kuphela ukuxhumana kwemiphakathi izinhlobo ezahlukene eziningi zemvelo, kodwa kunezinhlobo ekhethekile yezinto eziphilayo. Ngakho, ezonini inguqulelo kuhlanganisa ezihlukahlukene enkulu eziningi zezilwane nezimila kuka ezungezile ensimini yakubo.

Amanzi izakhiwo zemvelo

Lezi amayunithi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kungenzeka akhona amanzi ahlanzekile nezilwandle. Iqembu lokuqala le nkulumo ihlanganisa isimiso semvelo ezifana:

- Lenthic - ichibi, amadamu, amachibi amakhulu okusho ukuma amanzi;

- Lothic ethulwa ukusakaza, emifuleni, iziphethu;

- amaxhaphozi ngesimo emaxhaphozini, emahlathini exhaphozini nezimfunda ugu.

Izinhlobo sezinto eziphila olwandle zihlanganisa:

- pelogichesky eziyinkimbinkimbi - ulwandle oluvulekile;

- emanzini asogwini endaweni emashelufini yezwekazi ;

- esifundeni upwelling lapho zokudoba wenziwa;

- sisebunzimeni, amatheku, izizalo zemifula, izindawo okuyizinto zemifula;

- ejulile amanzi zamakhorali izindawo.

ISIBONELO eziyinkimbinkimbi yemvelo

Ezemvelo ukuhlukanisa ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo zemvelo. Noma kunjalo, ukuba khona ngamunye wabo zibangelwa enye futhi isikimu efanayo. Ukuze uzwisise kakhulu nokuxhumana bonke abaphilayo futhi okungezona eziphilayo izidalwa e ubunye uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, cabangela uhlobo ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo izimfunda. Zonke izinto eziphilayo yizilwane kanye nethonya eliqondile ukubunjwa amakhemikhali emoyeni nasenhlabathini.

Meadow - lesi simiso yakhoibrium, okubandakanya ezihlukahlukene izakhi. Ezinye zazo - makroprodutsenty, okuyinto izimila herbaceous, ukwenza imikhiqizo organic omphakathi eliwumhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphila eyinkimbinkimbi yemvelo ngezithukuthuku eziphilayo eziwukudla. Vegetable, isilwane noma abathengi primary tjani nezingxenye zazo. Lawa abameleli nezilwane njengoba ezidla uhlaza esikhulu izinambuzane, namagundane kanye izinhlobo eziningi ezingenamgogodla (squirrel nonogwaja, intendele nokunye. D.).

abathengi Primary zidliwa yesibili, okuhlanganisa izinyoni ezidla nezilwane ezincelisayo (impisi, isikhova, uklebe, impungushe, nokunye. D.). Okulandelayo ukuxhuma umsebenzi decomposers. Ngaphandle kwawo akunakwenzeka ukuqedela incazelo semvelo. Izinhlobo eziningi zama-isikhunta namagciwane, futhi lezi zici basesimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zemvelo. Decomposers ukubola imikhiqizo organic esimweni amaminerali. Uma izimo lokushisa mahle, izinsalela isitshalo zezilwane ngokushesha sokudiliza ibe izakhi lula. Ezinye zalezi zinhlobo zikasawoti zihlanganisa ukubunjwa yayo amabhethri, okuyinto leached futhi kabusha esetshenziswa. ingxenye Okuningi nzile izinsalela organic (humus, cellulose nokunye. D.) ubola kancane ukusuthisa flora.

isimiso semvelo yabantu

Okungenhla izakhiwo zemvelo angaba khona ngaphandle kokungenela kwamandla abantu. Okuhluke kakhulu kunjalo zemvelo ezenziwe umuntu. uxhumano yabo isebenze kuphela nama-iqhaza ngqo yomuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, agroecosystem. Isimo esiyinhloko ukhona akuyona kuphela ukusetshenziswa amandla elanga, kodwa futhi ukugeleza "uxhaso" ngesimo uhlobo nophethiloli.

Ingxenye zalesi simiso kufana zemvelo. Ukufana ne eziyinkimbinkimbi yemvelo waphawula phakathi ekukhuleni kwesihlahla nasekuvezeni izithombo ukuthuthukiswa ezenzeka ngezithukuthuku amandla elanga. Nokho, ezolimo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukulungiselela umhlabathi nokuvuna. Futhi lezi izinqubo ezidinga amandla uxhaso emphakathini wesintu.

Ukuze umuzi libhekisela ecosystem lokho zilwane? Lesi sakhiwo yabantu lapho kubaluleke kakhulu iyona energy nophethiloli. ukusetshenziswa kwalo uma ziqhathaniswa ukugeleza kwelanga ngenhla izikhathi ezimbili noma ezintathu. Umuzi engaqhathaniswa simiso semvelo ezijulile noma emhumeni. Ngempela, ukuba khona kwalezi biogeocenosis ixhomeke kokuthola izinto namandla owawusisebenzisa ngaphandle.

isimiso semvelo Urban wazithatha ngenxa inqubo zomlando, ngokuthi ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni. Ngaphansi ithonya lakhe, inani labantu emazweni kokushiya ezindaweni zasemakhaya, ukudala imiphakathi emikhulu. Kancane kancane, lo muzi bayanda ukuqinisa yendima yayo ekuqhubeleni ekukhuleni komphakathi. Kulokhu, ngcono umuntu ngokwakhe usungule isimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ezisemadolobheni. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekubeni abanye imizi ukwehlukana ubunjalo ukuhlukumeza kanye ekhona izakhiwo zemvelo. Isimiso Sokuthungatha Indlela dolobhana kungenziwa ngokuthi ezisemadolobheni. Nokho, ne ukuthuthukiswa imboni kushintshile konke. Hlobo luni kweMvelo zihlanganisa idolobha kabani indawo imisebenzi isitshalo noma ifektri? Kunalokho, angabizwa ngokuthi ezimbonini kanye ezisemadolobheni. Lesi sakhiwo siqukethe ezindaweni zokuhlala kanye nezindawo lapho zitholakala izinto, ikhiqiza imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene. Ecosystem idolobha sihluke kakhulu zemvelo futhi, ngaphezu, ahlukahlukene anobuthi imfucuza ekusakazeni.

Ukuze kwenziwe ngcono isimo sabo, indoda kudala emhlabeni nemizana yayo okuthiwa ibhande eliluhlaza. Zakhiwa utshani aluhlaza kanye nezihlahla, izihlahla kanye amachibi. Lezi simiso semvelo wosayizi omncane yemvelo ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo organic, okungadingi inendima ekhethekile empilweni edolobheni. Sokuba khona abantu badinga ukudla, okokubasa, amanzi kanye nogesi kusukela ngaphandle.

Inqubo ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni kakhulu ushintshe ukuphila kule planethi yethu. Umthelela we-izinhlelo womuntu eyayenziwe wadala ngokwezinga elikhulu esashintsha isimo phezu izindawo ezinkulu Earth. Kulomuzi hhayi kuphela kuthinta esishintshashintshayo lapho siqu amaphrojekthi yezakhiwo kanye nokwakhiwa. Kuthinta nsimu enkulu nangale kwemingcele yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokwandisa ukufunwa imikhiqizo ye umkhakha ukhuni abantu bagawula amahlathi.

Phakathi ukusebenza edolobheni ezihlukahlukene izinto emkhathini. Bona kungcolisa emoyeni futhi nezimo zezulu eziguqukayo. Emadolobheni lamakhulu, ingabe amafu phezulu futhi kwelanga okuncane, inkungu kakhudlwana futhi Ukukhemezela, futhi kancane kunakwezinye emaphandleni ezizungezile.