Komzimba - Iyini? umzimba wemvelo: izibonelo, izakhiwo

Esihlokweni lanamuhla thina cabangela ukuthi lokhu umzimba ngokomzimba. Ngokungangabazeki, leli gama akulona zazivame ukuhlangabeza iminyaka isikole wena. Nge lwati lwa "umzimba wenyama", "izidakamizwa", "ngumkhuba" siqala nazo izifundo umlando wemvelo. Ziyakwazi isihloko iningi izigaba kwesayensi ekhethekile - physics.

Ngu definition, igama elithi "umzimba wenyama 'kubhekisela esenzakalweni esiyisimangaliso impahla into ethize kokuba simise futhi uphinyiswa umngcele yangaphandle, ohlukanisa ke kusukela imvelo kanye neminye imigwamanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umzimba wenyama izici esingokwemvelo ezifana isisindo nevolumu. Lezi nemingcele ngayo iyisisekelo. Kodwa kukhona nabanye ngaphandle kwabo. Sikhuluma obala, ukuminyana, kuyaqina, ubulukhuni nokunye. N.

umzimba wemvelo: izibonelo

Uma sikubeka kalula, noma yiziphi izinto ezizungezile, singambiza umzimba wenyama. Izibonelo ezijwayelekile iningi labo - incwadi, itafula, imoto, ibhola, inkomishi. Simple umzimba physics liwubiza, ukuma kabani weJiyomethri ilula. emizimbeni Composite ngokomzimba - ezikhona ngesimo inhlanganisela axhumene emizimbeni elula. Ngokwesibonelo, kuba evamile sibalo zabantu zingase imelelwa iqoqo amasilinda, nemikhakha.

Indaba ka esakhiwa noma imigwamanda okukhulunywa ejenti. Nokho, bangase eziqukethe ngezithako zawo ngokuqhubekayo njengenkathi eyodwa, futhi eziningi izinto. Nazi ezinye izibonelo. Komzimba - Cutlery (izimfoloko, nezinkezo). Zenziwa ikakhulukazi ensimbi. Knife umzimba kungase benzela ukunika isibonelo ukuthi siqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene izinto - the steel lomshini bese isiphatho sesigodo. Futhi umkhiqizo ezifana eyinkimbinkimbi njengezimpi umakhalekhukhwini, abenziwe inombolo olukhudlwana of ezinye "izithako".

Yiziphi izinto

Kungenzeka zemvelo noma owadalile eyayenziwe. Ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu zonke izinto ezidingekayo esakhiwe ngezinto zemvelo (arrowheads - kusukela amatshe, efudumele izingubo - kusukela isilwane izikhumba). With ukuthuthukiswa entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe lomcebo adalwa indoda. Futhi manje labo - iningi. Isibonelo Classic of umzimba wenyama yokufakelwa kungenzeka plastic. Ngamunye zazo adalwe indoda ukuze kuqinisekiswe izimfanelo ezidingekayo bento. Ngokwesibonelo, plastic esobala - lithatha isikhwama sezibuko lens, ukudla okungezona ezinobuthi - I-ware, okuhlala isikhathi eside - ngesivuno imoto.

Iyiphi into (kusuka itshe ngembazo kumadivayisi zobuchwepheshe) enezinto eziningi izici ezithile. Omunye izakhiwo nemizimba yenyama - yikhono zabo ukuba bakhangane ngenxa ukuxhumana okudonsa izinto. It is kulinganiswa usebenzisa ubuningi ngokomzimba ngokuthi mass. Ngu definition, izazi sesayensi yemvelo, nenqwaba emizimbeni - ngezinga elithile amandla awo. It is okhonjiswe m uphawu.

nesilinganiso mass

Lokhu ubuningi ngokomzimba, njenganoma iyiphi enye, lingalinganiswa. Ukuze uthole ukuthi yini isisindo iyiphi into, udinga uliqhathanisa nabazalwane ejwayelekile. Lokho umzimba ogama mass Kusolwa ukuba nobunye. International System of Units (SI) ke ubhekwa ikhilogremu. Leyo "enhle" isisindo unit likhona ngesimo isilinda, lomele ingxubevange ye Iridium ne-platinum. Lokhu isampula ngamazwe lilondolozwe France, futhi amakhophi alo atholakala cishe kuwo wonke amazwe.

Ngaphezu kokusebenzisa nomqondo ikhilo ton, amalutshwana noma milligram. Ikalwe enesisindo nenqwaba emzimbeni. Lena indlela yakudala izibalo kwansuku zonke. Kodwa kuyi-physics zanamuhla, kunezinye izindlela zokulinganisa, a yesimanje kakhulu futhi ephezulu ukucacisa. Ngosizo lwabo ukunquma isisindo microparticles, futhi izinto giant.

Okunye izakhiwo nemizimba yenyama

Ukuma, isisindo kanye ivolumu - izici ezibaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa kunezinye izindawo nemizimba yenyama, ngamunye okuyinto ebaluleke esimweni esithile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-volume alinganayo izinto ingahluka kakhulu isisindo, isb abe kwabantu ezahlukene. Ezimweni eziningi, izici ezibalulekile ezifana brittleness, ubulukhuni, kuyaqina kanye izimfanelo kazibuthe. Akufanele sibakhohlwe le ezishisayo conductivity, obala, ukufana, conductivity kagesi kanye nezinye izakhiwo ngokomzimba zemizimba eziningi futhi izinto.

Ezimweni eziningi, lezi zici zincike labo izinto noma izinto ezisetshenziselwa izihloko zenziwa. Ngokwesibonelo, iraba, ingilazi steel amabhola kuyodingeka isethi ohluke ngokuphelele izimfanelo ngokomzimba. Lokhu kubaluleke ezimweni ekusebenzisaneni phakathi izidumbu, isibonelo ekutadisheni degree of ukusonteka ngesikhathi pitting.

Mayelana ziwukulinganisela yokutholwa

ezigabeni ezithile physics umzimba wenyama ithathwa njengenhlangano Abstraction kokuba izici enhle. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Mechanics yomzimba zivezwa amaphuzu mass ngaphandle mass kanye nezinye izakhiwo. Lengxenye isingethe ukuhamba physics maphuzu okunemibandela futhi zixazulule izinkinga ziyafana e amagugu isimiso kukhona isidingo.

Ngo izibalo zesayensi ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa nomqondo umzimba eqinile. Labo evamile ibhekwa njengezwekazi, hhayi ngokweyame kunoma yimiphi ukusonteka, yokungabi ukufuduka mass umzimba isikhungo. Le modeli lula ivumela kwakuthiwa ukudlala eziningi izinqubo ezithile.

Thermodynamics Isigaba izinjongo zabo isebenzisa nomqondo blackbody. Futhi iyini le? umzimba wenyama (into abstract) uyakwazi iyavuleka noma iyiphi emisebeni falling phezulu. Kulokhu, uma kudingekile, lamaqenjana bangakwazi ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana amagagasi kagesi. Uma imigomo ifomu izibalo ezincwadini nemizimba yenyama akuyona ezibucayi, ngokuzenzakalela wukuthi kuba eyindilinga.

Kungani ukuthi izakhiwo ezibalulekile zemizimba

Physics uqobo, njengoba enjalo, kwakukhona isidingo ukuqonda imithetho liziphathe umzimba wenyama, kanye izindlela ukhona ezihlukahlukene emicimbini engaphandle. izici zemvelo zihlanganisa yiziphi izinguquko ezithile endaweni esikuyo, awahlobene izinto ezenziwa abantu. Abaningi balaba bantu zisebenzisa kuzobazuzisa, kodwa abanye kabi kungaba yingozi futhi ngisho inhlekelele.

Ukutadisha ukuziphatha nezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene nemizimba yenyama kuyadingeka ukuze abantu ukuze sibikezele izici ezingezinhle futhi kuvimbele noma ukunciphisa umonakalo obangelwa kubo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwakhiwa ezivimba abantu asetshenziswa ukulwa ukubonakaliswa engakhi element zasolwandle. Abamelana ukuzamazama komhlaba abantu usefunde ukuthuthukisa ekhethekile wokwakha izakhiwo ezikwazi ukumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba. izingxenye Ukunikeza imoto zakhiwe, ifomu okhethekile ulinganiswe ngokucophelela ukuze sinciphise umonakalo uma izingozi.

Isakhiwo emizimbeni

Ngokusho kwenye i-definition, igama elithi "umzimba wenyama" kusho noma yini kungenziwa kubhekwe njengento ekhona ngempela. Noma yimuphi wabo kuzothatha ingxenye isikhala, kanye izinto kusukela lapho kwenziwa, kukhona iqoqo molecule isakhiwo ethile. Okunye, izinhlayiya ezincane ke - athomu, kodwa ngamunye wabo yinto ulula futhi indivisible. Isakhiwo athomu ngempela kunzima. Ngo oyiyo bungabonakala kahle futhi omubi icala izinhlayiya aphansi - ion.

Ukwakheka owawuthi izinhlayiya ezifana ahlelwe uhlelo ezithile ngoba ukudla okuqinile libizwa crystal. crystal ngamunye unohlobo oluthile ngokuqinile fixed, okusho ukuthi ukunyakaza ehlelekile kanye nokuxhumana zishintshe zayo futhi ama-athomu. Lapho kushintshwa isakhiwo crystal kukhona ukwephulwa izakhiwo ngokomzimba zomzimba. I degree of ukuhamba nabavoti zokucathula kuncike ngoba esimweni saso ngokomzimba, okungase okuqinile, uketshezi noma gaseous.

Ukuze ube njani izenzakalo eyinkimbinkimbi idatha isetshenziswa nomqondo ivolumu kuyaqina noma Coefficient, okuyizinto Okusizayo amagugu ephambene.

Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela zishintshe

Kukhona isimo esicishe sibe ukuphumula noma ama-athomu noma molecule emizimbeni okuqinile akuyona esingokwemvelo. Ziyakwazi in motion njalo, ubunjalo okuyinto kuncike esimweni ezishisayo we umzimba, kanye nomthelela ukuthi okwamanje edalulwa. Ingxenye izinhlayiya aphansi - ion omubi icala (electron okubhekiselwe) ezihambayo ngejubane eliphezulu ukwedlula nenkokhiso omuhle.

Kusukela umbono isimo wokuhlanganisa, umzimba wenyama - kunzima izinto, uketshezi noma umoya, kuye ngokuthi isimo motion yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Isiqalo nesigcino ukudla okuqinile ingahlukaniswa crystalline kanye amorphous. I motion izinhlayiya in a crystal babhekwa ngaphambilini ngokugcwele. Ngo uketshezi, amangqamuzana omoya ukuhambisa ngendlela isimiso ehluke ngokuphelele. Athuthela eqenjini eyodwa kuya kwenye, ungase ucabange ngokomfanekiso like ezulazulayo ohlelweni eyodwa kuya kwenye lezinkanyezi ezinomsila, bahlambalaza ubukhosi.

Noma we gaseous emizimbeni molecule nesibopho buthaka okuningi kuka uketshezi noma okuqinile. Kungase kube izinhlayiya okukhulunywa dudula nomunye. Kuyaqina nemizimba yenyama kuchazwe inhlanganisela eziguquguqukayo ezimbili eziyinhloko - izinga phuca nevolumu kuyaqina Coefficient.

I fluidity zemizimba

Lapho wonke umehluko omkhulu phakathi emizimbeni okuqinile futhi uketshezi emzimbeni bodwa sezindawo lokufanayo zabo eziningi. Ezinye zazo, ngokuthi ezithambile isimo ohlanganisiwe wevidiyo awukho Lesisemkhatsini phakathi izakhiwo lokuqala nelesibili esingokwemvelo kokubili, nezinye ngokomzimba. izinga okunjalo njengoba fluidity, kungatholakala e okuqinile (isibonelo - noma ice izicathulo Var). Kuyinto nokungapheleli esakuzuza izinsimbi, kuhlanganise kanzima ngokwanele. Zacindezelwa iningi ziyakwazi egeleza like uketshezi. Ngokuhlanganisa futhi amalahle izingcezu ezimbili okuqinile metal kungase ukushisela ndawonye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo nokunamathisela ngomthofu senzeka ezingeni lokushisa ephansi kakhulu kunalokho lokuncibilika ngayinye.

Le nqubo kungenzeka isimo contact ephelele izingxenye ezimbili. Kuyinto ngale ndlela kwensimbi Alloys ahlukahlukene. Impahla elihambisana ibizwa ngokuthi ukwanda okusheshayo.

Mayelana uketshezi kanye Gases

Ngokusho imiphumela ucwaningo eziningi, ososayensi baye bafinyelela esiphethweni elandelayo: umzimba okuqinile ngokomzimba - akusiyo iqembu ezinye angawodwa. Umehluko phakathi kwawo ketshezi kuphela enkulu ngomshikisho yangaphakathi. -Daylight izinto ezifundeni ezehlukene kuvela lokushisa ethile.

Amagesi zihluke uketshezi futhi eziqinile ukuthi kwandisa amandla ukunwebeka ngisho ngevolumu ephezulu ushintsho ingekho kubo. Umehluko phakathi uketshezi futhi ukudla okuqinile - endaweni ukudla okuqinile kwenzeka amabutho nokunwebeka e phuca, isb kokushintsha isimo salo. Lesi senzakalo ningagcini e uketshezi, okungathatha ngananoma ngiyiphi.

Crystalline futhi amorphous

Njengoba sekuphawuliwe, uthi ezimbili kungenzeka kwezinto eziqinile - crystalline kanye amorphous. Amorphous nemizimba ukuthi babe ezifanayo kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokomzimba kuzo zonke izindawo. Lokhu izinga okukhulunywa isotropy. Njengoba isibonelo, resin lukhuni, imikhiqizo inhlaka, ingilazi. isotropy wabo - umphumela ilungiselelo okungahleliwe-molecule zama-athomu ukubunjwa ndaba.

In the state crystalline izinhlayiya aphansi ahlelwe ngendlela elula futhi zikhona njengoba Sakhiwo sangekhatsi ngezikhathi okuphindaphindiwe bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Izakhiwo lezi zindikimba zihlukile, kodwa Bayefana izinkomba ngokulinganisa. isakhiwo esinjalo umuntu azalwa nalo lokuhlaziya zinhlayiya, ngokuthi anisotropy. isizathu sakhe - amandla ngokungalingani ukusebenzisana phakathi molecule ama-athomu bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene.

Mono- futhi polycrystalline

Ngo zinhlayiya olulodwa eyohlobo Sakhiwo sangekhatsi futhi ngokuphindaphindiwe kulo lonke ivolumu. Polycrystals kuvele njengamadiski sebuningini nemiyalezo tho crystallites ndawonye encane. izinhlayiya zabo abamelwe ahlelwe ku ibanga ngokuqinile kuchazwe komunye nomunye futhi ngendlela efanele. Ngaphansi ngehele kusho uchungechunge ISIZINDA, okusho ukuthi amaphuzu okhonza njengomuntu izikhungo zishintshe noma ama-athomu. Izinsimbi nge isakhiwo crystalline ukukhonza njengoba material for ibhuloho substructures, izakhiwo kanye nezinye izakhiwo eziqinile. Yingoba izakhiwo eziqinile crystalline kufundvwe ngokucophelela ima-.

Ngo langempela amandla izici nomthelela ukukhubazeka crystal eheleni: kokubili ebusweni zangaphakathi. Ngokufanayo izakhiwo eziqinile ukwehlukanisa ingxenye physics kubhekiselwa kuye ngokuthi umzimba Mechanics eqinile.