Phylogeny - inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi

Kukhona into efana phylogeny. Sizozama ukuqonda futhi ukunikeza incazelo eqondile lesi simanga.

umqondo angajwayelekile

Kukangaki uzwa mayelana phylogeny? Ngiqinisekile eziningi bayocabanga ukuthi phylogeny - kuyinto biology, noma, uma sikubeka ngokuqondile - incazelo esetshenziswe biology. Kodwa, cishe, hhayi wonke umuntu ofundile uyazi kahle ngayo nalokho okuzoxoxwa ngakho. Inhlolo-vo okusheshayo kwekhadi nabantu abangaba yishumi nambili wabonisa ukuthi:

- phylogeny - kuyinto "izinto ezifanayo-photosynthesis" (njengoba kusikisela ezine kweziyishumi);

- phylogeny - the kuguquka ngamangqamuzana aphilayo (ezimbili kweziyishumi);

- phylogeny - definition elisetshenziswa ngezakhi futhi ekhombisa inqubo "ukudalwa abantu entsha" (Kulaba bantu abayishumi munye);

- abanye abantu abathathu lapho umbuzo, uyini phylogeny, Ingase iphendule ngokungabi nasithakazelo sidideke.

Nokho, naphezu entula ukuqaphela ngalolu daba, ayikho abaphendula akazange bahlala banganandaba. Ngamunye wabo wafuna ukwazi: iyini phylogeny?

Phylogeny (biology)

Phylogeny - ukuthuthukiswa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo noma iyiphi yezinto eziphilayo noma yomthetho. Igama elithi laqanjwa kwegazi yesayensi German usosayensi yemvelo sefilosofi Ernstom Genrihom Haeckel ngo-1866. Lenchazelo lisho izinguquko ezenzeka phakathi kwemvelo, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu izinto eziphilayo. Isisekelo ukuvela emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo ekubhekaneni ekutadisheni phylogeny, kwaba "imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo" we semvelo British kanye isihambi Charles Robert Darwin.

Uma lo mqondo phylogeny, isayensi sekukhona nabanye ukuthi sihluke yencazelo yasekuqaleni. Ngakho, Shmalgauzen Ivan Ivanovich, isazi-Soviet, kuqondwe phylogeny uchungechunge mlando isiphawulo ontogeneses oxhumene njengendlela "komzali nengane".

Phylogeny - inqubo eside kakhulu, ihlala isikhathi izigidi zeminyaka. Yingakho-ke alikwazi into observation eqondile befunda recreating futhi simulating kakade izenzakalo kanye izenzakalo. Uma lokhu kwemvelo siqondwa njengoba inqubo lapho emgqeni zofuzo (okhokho) yakha legatsha (inzalo) nezinguquko zemvelo eziye zenzeka phakathi nale nqubo, noma ngaso sonke kwaholela ekunyamalaleni kwezinhlobo.

Isilinganiso phylogeny futhi ontogeny

Ontogenesis - umqondo ongene ukusetshenziswa kwesayensi ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe isifundiso phylogeny futhi okhombisa kumiswa iqoqo zangasese kanye okwakhuthazelelwa nabo phakathi nenkambo yokuphila ka kugucuka ngokulandelana. Ngemva kokuvula e phakathi XIX leminyaka Fridrihom Myullerom no-Ernst Haeckel biogenetic umthetho phylogeny sifundwa kuwo ubuhlobo ukuze ontogeny.

Ngaphansi kwalo mthetho, noma yimuphi ontogenesis, eqinisweni, kuyinto ukuphindaphinda emfushane futhi ngokushesha phylogeny kwalesi silwane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo ontogeny futhi phylogeny kungenziwa ithathwa njengendlela "yangasese kanye nalolo olwejwayelekile." Ukuhlobana phakathi imiqondo emibili Futhi liye kuqinisekiswa uCharles Darwin emfundisweni yakhe recapitulation, ushumayela ukuphindaphindwa imibungu inqubo ontogenesis izimpawu wawoyise phezu phylogeny. UCharles Darwin ngamnyama main izinhlobo awukufingqwa ezimbili: atavism futhi rudiment.

Ukusebenzisa phylogeny wesayensi ahlukahlukene

Phylogeny - imfundiso okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ngoba inombolo wesayensi, kuhlanganise Embryology, i-paleontology nesayensi, umumo womzimba ukuqhathanisa, ngisho kwengqondo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, phylogenetics, okuyinto study umlando ukuthuthukiswa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo ukufunda ukuvela ephumelela kunazo kulesigaba libhekisela impumelelo wesayensi ezifana biochemistry, izitho zomzimba, izakhi zofuzo, ethology, ngamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo, nabanye.

Phylogeny kwengqondo

Ngo Psychology, phylogeny kubonisa ukuthuthukiswa komlando okuthile inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Phylogeny kwengqondo - kukhombisa ukuthuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa isimo sengqondo abantu. Animal nobuntu khona okungokwemvelo emhlabeni, esekelwe ingqondo. izilwane Ephakeme, phakathi kwabanye, futhi esingokwemvelo nokubonakaliswa kwengqondo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu ngaphezu izici ezingenhla, Ubuye ukuqaphela kanye ukucabanga. Kungenxa ngokusebenzisa kwengqondo phylogeny uyakwazi ukufeza izifundo ezinjalo, ekutholeni isisekelo kanye izici eziye eliyindilinga psyche womuntu ngesimo lapho ukhona ngaleso sikhathi.

okusho phylogeny

Phylogeny - lokhu ingenye izixhumanisi ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Njengoba yethula emkhakheni wezesayensi, wathatha indawo ebalulekile ukuqonda kwemvelo kanye nokuthuthukisa hhayi kuphela uhlanga lwesintu, kodwa futhi sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Izifundo zalesi simo kukhona ludingeka ekuthuthukisweni kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela jikelele yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nezinye ukwakhiwa uhlelo lwemvelo eziphilayo. Isisekelo okwakhelwe kuso isikhundla nezimfundiso ka phylogeny eyakhelwe, amanga ku-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Okwamanje, kufanele ukhulume ngalokho phylogeny amaqembu ahlukahlukene eziphilayo wafunda Ukuboshelwa, okuyinto kunqunywa izinsalela ahlukahlukene zamathambo futhi, ngesisekelo okungase kube enokwethenjelwa ukwakha phylogenetic (zozalo) esihlahleni. Okwamanje, wafunda kakhulu phylogeny amaqembu yezilwane ezinomgogodla ephakeme. Uma sikhuluma ezingenamgogodla, ezinye zazo le okucwaningwa ngawo kakhulu zihlanganisa mollusk eyisinambuzane, brachiopods, kanye nabanye.

Yiqiniso, ekukhanyeni khona nesithakazelo esikhulu umsuka emhlabeni, izingxenye zalo futhi, ikakhulukazi, kwebantfu ngumkhuba wemhlaba wezesayensi phylogeny, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze bakwazi esintwini ngokwaso futhi izwe elizungezile.