Uyini izakhiwo colligative?

I izixazululo - kuyinto izinhlelo eyohlobo okuyinto zimumethe izingxenye ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, kanye imikhiqizo okuyinto umphumela ukusebenzisana kulezi zingxenye. Zingase okuqinile, uketshezi noma isimo gaseous. Cabanga ketshezi aggregate isimo izixazululo. Ngo Ukwakheka kwabo kuhlanganisa kuphela futhi into ziyoncibilika therein (zokugcina ngaphansi).

izakhiwo Colligative - izici zabo zingezigijimela okuyizinto ngokulingana ngqo kuphela uketshezi futhi nigxile ikhambi. Babuye ngokuthi ngokuhlanganyela noma wabelane. izakhiwo Colligative ziboniswa imisindvo, lapho kungekho ukuxhumana nemvelo amakhemikhali izingxenye zawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isenzo mutual amabutho phakathi izinhlayiya, futhi izinhlayiya of kuphela-kuphela futhi wavala therein into ku izixazululo ekahle.

izakhiwo Colligative:

1) ingcindezi umusi phezu isixazululo ingaphansi kwe kuphela ngenhla.

2) crystallization Isixazululo ezingeni lokushisa ngezansi lokushisa crystallization kuphela ifomu okumsulwa.

3) Ubilise ikhambi kwenzeka ezingeni lokushisa ephakeme kunaleyo ukubila we kuphela.

4) Lo mkhuba Osmosis.

Cabanga izakhiwo colligative ngamunye.

I yakhoibrium at kubonwa irherho le-closed: uketshezi - umusi ingcindezi libhekene Ukhuphula izinkungu ayegcwele. Kusukela ngo-isixazululo ebusweni ungqimba ingxenye ligcwele amangqamuzana we solute, le yakhoibrium bayofinyelelwa kunani engezansi ingcindezi umusi.

Eyesibili impahla Collegiate - ukunciphisa crystallization lokushisa ziqhathaniswa kuphela yesixazululo - ngenxa yokuthi izinhlayiya we solute ezithiya ukwakhiwa zinhlayiya futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbele crystallization ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi.

I abilayo ingxube mkhulu kuphela ifomu okumsulwa, ngenxa yokuthi asemkhathini ingcindezi ukulingana, kanye nokucindezela umusi is luzuzwe ukushisa eliphezulu ngoba ingxenye yezinhlayiya kuphela ephathelene ne-izinhlayiya we solute.

Okwesine izakhiwo colligative - lo mkhuba Osmosis.

Osmosis - ikhono uthuthe ngokusebenzisa kuphela ngokuhlukana okuyinto permeable ngoba izinhlayiya ezithile (i-molecule kuphela) futhi eliqinile kwabanye (solute-molecule). Lokhu ukwahlukanisa ehlukanisa isixazululo nge wokuqukethwe lelisetulu solute kusukela isixazululo ngaphansi kanzulu. Isibonelo ukwahlukanisa semipermeable enjalo ingaba njengendlela ulwelwesi yeseli ephilayo, sezinkomo, njll bubble. Osmosis mkhuba okubangelwa zokulinganiswa lokuhlushwa nhlangothi zombili ahlukaniswe ulwelwesi okungukuthi thermodynamically ngconywana uhlelo. Ngenxa displacement we kuphela e isixazululo kanzulu ngaphezulu le ngxenye bomkhumbi kukhona ukwanda ingcindezi. Lokhu ingcindezi ngokweqile liye labizwa ngokuthi osmotic.

izakhiwo Colligative izisombululo non-electrolyte kungenziwa emelelwa izibalo yi zibalo:

. Δ BP = Ekip ∙ Bheka;

Δ T c. = ∙ Kzam Bheka;

π = CRT.

izakhiwo Colligative ukuthola amakhambi ezahlukene electrolyte kanye nonelectrolytes izixazululo. Ukuze yangaphambili, yo- ngaphezulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zenzeka le dissociation electrolytic, kanye nenani lezinhlayiya kakhulu kwandisa.

izakhiwo Colligative kabanzi ekhaya nasemsebenzini, isibonelo, Osmosis isetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ngamanzi acwebileyo. Ngo eziphilayo, eziningi izinhlelo nazo eyakhelwe izakhiwo colligative (isib, anda plant cells).