Yini liqukethe zezulu? Izinhlobo izinkanyezi izici zabo

Emehlweni ethu enyama ku isibhakabhaka ngobusuku moonless futhi kude nomuzi Selike lenqwaba izinkanyezi. Ngosizo kwesibonakude kungabonakala nasemkhakheni izinkanyezi eziningi ngisho nakakhulu. imishini yobuchwepheshe ukunquma umbala kanye nosayizi, futhi likhanya ngendlela efanayo. Umbuzo ka "lokho siqukethe izinkanyezi?" Kwaphela isikhathi eside emlandweni astronomy bekugcwele impikiswano kunawo. Nokho, wakwazi ukuxazulula. Namuhla ososayensi bazi ukuthi siqukethe Sun nezinye izinkanyezi, nokuthi lokhu izinguquko ipharamitha ukuvela emizimbeni cosmic.

indlela

Ukuze ubone ukuthi indlela yokwakheka izinkanyezi, izazi zezinkanyezi ziye zafunda kuphela maphakathi nekhulu XIX. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke ku arsenal of Space Explorers uvele ukuhlaziywa Spectral. Indlela kusekelwe impahla athomu ezakhi ezahlukene ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana futhi adonse ukukhanya at resonance amaza ezithile. Ngakho, ngo-spectrum yokukhanya ebonakalayo and bands amnyama elise emhlabathini ketshezi ethize.

ukukhanya emithonjeni ehlukene ungabahlukanisa isibonelo ukumuncwa futhi ekushayweni imigqa. ukuhlaziywa Spectral iye yasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ukunquma indlela yokwakheka izinkanyezi. idatha salo sisiza abacwaningi ukuqonda eziningi izinqubo ezenzeka izinkanyezi ngaphakathi ezingafinyeleleki observation oqondile.

Uyini inkanyezi esesibhakabhakeni?

Sun nezinye izinkanyiso - elikhulu amabhola red-hot gas. Izinkanyezi akhiwa ikakhulu hydrogen ne-helium (73 futhi u-25% ngokulandelana). Cishe 2% of indaba ewela yizakhi ezisindayo: carbon, i-oksijini, izinsimbi nokunye. Ngokuvamile, namuhla eyaziwa amaplanethi nezinkanyezi zenziwa ukwaziswa okufanayo njengoba ukuthi yendawo yonke, kodwa umehluko ku lokuhlala izinto ngazinye, sisindvo setintfo nezinqubo zangaphakathi ukukhiqiza zonke ukuhlukahluka izindikimba zasezulwini.

Endabeni ukukhanya zokuhlola esiyinhloko umehluko phakathi mass yabo nezinhlobo yilezo kakhulu-2% wezindleko izakhi, okuyizinto ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho helium. Ubuningi eyisihlobo yokugcina ubizwa ngokuthi metallicity yezinkanyezi. Inani lale ipharamitha kusiza ukucacisa yobudala inkanyezi nekusasa layo.

sakhiwo sangekhatsi

"Ukugcwalisa" inkanyezi akusho kuyo Galaxy ngenxa amabutho ukusikwa okudonsa izinto. Futhi nomthelela ukusatshalaliswa izakhi yangaphakathi emizimbeni isakhiwo ngendlela ethile. In the isikhungo, umnyombo, ukusheshe zonke izinsimbi (kuyisayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi, ukuze shayela noma iziphi izakhi ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho helium). Star kwakhiwa kusuka ifu uthuli amagesi. Uma kuphela helium ne-hydrogen abanazo, umongo kuqala ukwakha futhi yesibili - ulwelwesi. Ngesikhathi lapho mass ifinyelela sikhathi esibucayi, iqala yokusabela Fusion inkanyezi ikhanyisa.

Izizukulwane ezintathu izinkanyezi

Nucleus ene kuphela ane-helium babe isizukulwane sokuqala ukukhanya (futhi wabhekisela ngangezinkanyezi labantu III). Bona kwamiswa ngokushesha ngemuva kwe-Big Bang, libhekene Ubukhulu umxhwele efana ne nemingcele zemithala lanamuhla. Phakathi zamagama Interiors yabo ane-helium kancane kancane kwakheka nezinye izakhi (izinsimbi). Lezi izinkanyezi ekuzibulaleni, supernova kokufutheka. Elements kwemiqondo kuyo, babé izitini zokwakha ukukhanya esilandelayo. Ukuze isizukulwane izinkanyezi (Population II) yesibili libhekene metallicity ongaphakeme. Omncane izinkanyezi abadumile namuhla bangabohlobo kubantwana kuso isizukulwane sesithathu. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Sun I engavamile izinkanyiso ezinjalo - a metallicity ephakeme kunaleyo ababengaphambi zabo. Omncane izinkanyezi ososayensi baye abuyikufunyanwa, kodwa singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi uzobe ebonakala isamba nakakhulu lokhu ipharamitha.

ipharamitha elilawulayo

Lokho, yilokho-ke siqukethe izinkanyezi kuthinta bungakanani ubude bokuphila kwabo. Izinsimbi, ocwilayo ukuze nucleus, kuthinte ukuphendula Fusion. Lapho, ngokushesha izibani inkanyezi kanye ezincane usayizi enkabeni yalo ngesikhathi esifanayo. Umphumela we qiniso elishiwo lapha kuyimali engezansi amandla asebenza ezintweni inkanyiso enjalo per unit isikhathi. Ngenxa yalokho lezi zinkanyezi esaphila isikhathi eside. isitokwe yabo uphethiloli kwanele izigidigidi zeminyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokososayensi ilanga manje phakathi nokuphila yayo umjikelezo. Kuye kwaba emhlabeni iminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 5, futhi okufanayo kuseza.

Sun kwakhiwa ngokuvumelana imfundiso yokuziphendukela efwini uthuli, izinsimbi ayegcwele. Libhekisela izinkanyezi esizukulwane sesithathu, noma, njengoba zibizwa kanjalo, inani labantu I. Izinsimbi enkabeni yalo ngaphezu omlilo kancane ukunikeza ukushisa iyunifomu, okwakuyigama omunye izimo umsuka eziphilayo eplanethini yethu.

ukuvela izinkanyezi

Ukubunjwa ukukhanya akukho njalo. Ake sibone ukuthi yini liqukethe izinkanyezi emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko ukuziphendukela kwaso. Kodwa okokuqala, masikhumbule ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo ezithathwa abafundi abaphumelela ngayo ukukhanya ukusuka ekuthomeni kuya ekupheleni ukuphila.

Ekuqaleni ukuvela izinkanyezi zitholakala kwi main Hertzsprung-Russell umdwebo ukulandelana. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-fuel labalulekile eluLwimi oyinhloko athomu ye-hydrogen kumiswa okuyinto ka ezine eyodwa helium athomu. Ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe inkanyezi uchitha simo. Esigabeni esilandelayo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - giant ebomvu. Ubukhulu balo kukhona kakhulu ngaphezulu yokuqala, futhi izinga lokushisa kwamanzi, kunalokho, ngezansi. izinkanyezi Sun-like ekuzibulaleni esinyathelweni esilandelayo - ziba dwarfs emhlophe. Okuningi izibani omkhulu jikisa neutron izinkanyezi noma izimbobo omnyama.

Isigaba sokuqala sale kwemvelo

Fusion izinqubo e izibani zangaphakathi kubangele ushintsho komunye esigabeni kwesinye. Amandla omlilo hydrogen kuholela ekwandeni in inani helium, futhi kungakho ubukhulu ikhenela futhi esigcawini ukuphendula. Ngenxa yalokho, izinga lokushisa lale nkanyezi kwandisa. Ukusabela iqala ukuthatha hydrogen ngaphambilini azisetshenziswa therein. It kungukuphula ibhalansi phakathi igobolondo kanye core. Ngenxa yalokho, i-lokuqala luqala wanda, kanti eyesibili - ukuze unciphise. Uma lokhu lokushisa kwandisa kakhulu, okuyinto kuphakamisa amandla omlilo-helium. Kwakheka therefrom yizakhi ezisindayo: yekhabhoni nomoya-mpilo. Inkanyezi siyeza off ukulandelana main futhi iba giant ebomvu.

Inkulumo eyalandela enesihloko esithi lomjikelezo

A giant elibomvu yindawo nge ulwelwesi evuvukele kakhulu. Uma ilanga selibantu kulesi sigaba, kuzothatha sonke isikhala kuze kube orbit eMhlabeni. Mayelana eziphilayo eplanethini yethu ezimweni ezinjalo, yebo, ayikwazi ukukhuluma. Ekujuleni giant ebomvu kwemiqondo yekhabhoni nomoya-mpilo. Ukukhanya njalo ilahlekelwa mass ngenxa umoya lezinkanyezi kanye okusizwa ukushaya njalo.

izenzakalo Eminye zihlukile yezihloko nge mass ngokulinganisela futhi ezinkulu. Pulsations yohlobo yokuqala kubangele izinkanyezi ukuthi amagobolondo zabo zangaphandle akhishwe ukwakha a esigaxeni kwamaplanethi. Umnyombo fuel uphela, ayaphola bese iba umboniso wezinsiza.

Ukuvela izinkanyezi supermassive

Hydrogen,-helium, yekhabhoni nomoya-mpilo - hhayi yonke, ukuthi siqukethe izinkanyezi izixuku ezinkulu e esigabeni yokugcina kwemvelo. At the stage of red giant izinkanyezi core ezinjalo onomfutho ngomfutho omkhulu. Noma izinga lokushisa nanini nyuka iqala carbon esivuthayo, bese imikhiqizo yalo. Ngokulandelana kwakheka umoya-mpilo, i-silicon nensimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho zamagama izakhi ingahambi, njengoba kusaqhuba yensimbi nuclei esinamanzi amandla ukukhululwa engenakwenzeka. Lapho mass core ifinyelela inani elithile, ibhidlike. Isibhakabhaka ikhanyisa supernova. Isiphetho okwengeziwe into futhi kuncike isisindo salo. Enkundleni yomhlaba ungakheka inkanyezi neutron noma ukuhlelwa kwesikhala sezinhlamvu.

Ngemva ukuqhuma supernova izakhi kwemiqondo bagcwele endaweni ezungezile. Kulawa, kungenzeka ngesikhathi abanye uyomenzela izinkanyezi ezintsha.

izibonelo

umuzwa Special kuphakama lapho kuvela hhayi kuphela ukubona isibhakabhaka izinkanyiso ajwayelekile, kodwa futhi ukukhumbula lokho ekilasini basonta, lokho siqukethe. Ake sibone ezinye izinkanyezi iyona Big Dipper. I ebhakedeni asterism siqukethe izinkanyezi eziyisikhombisa. Bhá wabo - ke Aliot futhi Dubhe. Ukukhanya yesibili uhlelo izingxenye ezintathu. Komunye wayo useqalile evutha helium. Lezi ezinye ezimbili, njengoba Aliot, esisogwini ukulandelana main. Ngenxa yalesi ingxenye Hertzsprung-Russell isicelo Gamma Ursae Majoris nge Benetashem futhi kuwukugcwaliseka ladle.

Inkanyezi bhá esibhakabhakeni ebusuku, Sirius, has izingxenye ezimbili. Omunye wabo kungokwalabo ukulandelana main, kwesibili - oyisichwe elimhlophe. Ngo obomvu legatsha giant Polluks elise (-alpha Gemini) kanye Arcturus (-alpha Boötis).

Zenziwe ngani izinkanyezi Umthala ngamunye? Zingaki izinkanyezi akhiwa yonke? Imibuzo enjalo kunzima ngempela ukuphendula ngokuqondile. Eziningana ezingamakhulu izinkanyezi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane bagxila kule i-Milky Way. Abaningi babo kakade wafaka amalensi izibonakude njalo atholakala amasha. Lokho, okuyindawo amagesi aqukethe izinkanyezi, siphinde ngokuvamile eyaziwa, kodwa izibani entsha ngokuvamile ayihambisani izethulo evamile. Isikhala namanje ofukamela izimfihlo eziningi, futhi eziningi izinto nezimpahla zabo elinde discoverers yabo.