Ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi: izinkinga futhi amathemba

Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi amandla enuzi waqala sibonga inqubekelaphambili kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe hhayi kuphela emkhakheni lempi, kodwa futhi izinjongo zokuthula. Namuhla awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kule mboni, amandla kanye imithi.

Nokho, ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi kunezinzuzo nje kuphela kodwa futhi yokuntula. Okokuqala, kuba ingozi emisebeni, kokubili abantu kanye imvelo.

Ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi yokuzenzela, izinkomba ezimbili: ukusetshenziswa amandla kanye nokusetshenziswa isotopes enemisebe.

Ekuqaleni, amandla enuzi kuzosetshenziswa kuphela ngezinhloso wezempi, futhi zonke ukuthuthukiswa uya kulesi siqondiso.

Ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi wezempi

Inani elikhulu izinto kakhulu asebenzayo osetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali zenuzi. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, le sezikhali zenuzi aqukethe amathani amaningana plutonium.

Izikhali zenuzi abhekwa izikhali zembubhiso, ngoba uveza ukubhujiswa izindawo ezinkulu.

I engaba isinyathelo namandla icala kwezikhali zenuzi uhlukaniswe:

• Tactical.
• Operational and wezindlela.
• Strategic.

Izikhali zenuzi zihlukaniswe atomic hydrogen. zenuzi Isekelwe unguided ukubeka uchungechunge esindayo ukuqoqwa we nuclei futhi ukusabela Fusion. Ukuze chain reaction usebenzisa i-uranium noma plutonium.

Isitoreji amanani enkulu kangaka izinto eziyingozi - lena usongo olukhulu esintwini. Futhi ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi lempi kungaholela emiphumeleni engathí sina.

Ngokokuqala ngqá zenuzi kwakuyizinto ezazisetshenziswa kwa-1945 ngokuhlasela imizi Japanese Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki. Imiphumela yalokhu kuhlasela bebelokhu inhlekelele. Njengoba wazi, lokhu kwaba ukusetshenziswa nesibongo lemandla enuzi empini.

I-International Atomic Energy Agency, (IAEA)

IAEA yasungulwa ngo-1957 ukuthuthukisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili emkhakheni amandla enuzi ezintweni ezingahlangene nempi. Zisuka nje, ejensi is ukusebenzisa uhlelo ku "ukuphepha Nuclear nokuvikelwa kwemvelo."

Kodwa umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu - ke ukulawula imisebenzi wezwe emkhakheni zenuzi. Inhlangano sizoqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusebenzisa amandla enuzi kuyinto izinjongo zokuthula kuphela.

Injongo yalolu hlelo - ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okuphephile amandla enuzi, ukuvikelwa kwabantu kwemvelo njalo yokuchayeka emisebeni ye. Le nhlangano eyingoduso ekuhloleni ngemiphumela yingozi yaseChernobyl.

Le nhlangano ibuye isekela ucwaningo, ukuthuthukiswa nokusebenzisa amandla enuzi izinjongo zokuthula futhi uba umlamuleli in exchange of services nezimpahla phakathi amalungu ejensi.

Kanye-United Nations IAEA ichaza futhi abeka kuyo izindinganiso emkhakheni Ukuphaphamela ukuphepha nempilo.

amandla enuzi

Engxenyeni ye forties kwekhulu lamashumi amabili wesibili, ososayensi lamaSoviet laqala ukuthuthukisa okusalungiswa lokuqala ukusetshenziswa obunokuthula ye-athomu. Umnqopho main yalezi zigigaba kwaba ugesi.

Futhi ngo-1954, iSoviet Union eyakhelwe esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi lokuqala emhlabeni. Ngemva ngenxa yaloku kwanda okusheshayo izinhlelo amandla enuzi aye usuqalile ukuzakhela e-United States, iGreat Britain, Germany neFrance. Kodwa iningi labo atikasetjentiswa. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, izitshalo amandla enuzi akakwazanga ancintisane iziteshi ukuthi ukusebenzisa emalahleni, igesi namafutha nophethiloli.

Kodwa ngemva kokugqashuka jikelele amandla ezibucayi kanye ukwanda intengo yamafutha zenuzi yamandla adingekayo lakhula. Esikhathini 70-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule, ochwepheshe babekholelwa ukuthi amandla wonke enuzi izitshalo amandla uzokwazi esikhundleni nengxenye.

Phakathi nawo-80s ukukhula amandla enuzi osedonsa izinyawo futhi, Shit waqala ubukeza izinhlelo ukuze kwakhiwe esisha izitshalo amandla enuzi. It uphromothiwe njengoba inqubomgomo kwagezi kanye nokwehla kwamanani kawoyela kanye inhlekelele ngesikhathi eChernobyl sithombo esingatshalwanga kwaba nemiphumela elibi hhayi nje ngoba Ukraine.

Phela, amanye amazwe aye zamisa ukwakhiwa kanye nokusebenza enuzi izitshalo amandla.

amandla enuzi lesikhala ohambweni

Esikhaleni ukundiza ezingaphezu kwezintathu kweshumi Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi, bajwayele izinto ukuze athole amandla.

Ngokokuqala ngqá a enuzi ngokuhlakaza elisetshenziswa isikhala, amaMelika ngo-1965. I-fuel esetshenziswa nokwe-uranium-235. Wayesebenza izinsuku 43.

ESoviet Union le ophendulayo "Daisy" wethulwa Institute of Atomic Energy. Its kufanele ukuthi kusetshenziswe ku mkhathi ne-plasma izinjini. Kodwa ngemva kwakho konke ukulingwa uye awaqalisiwe emkhathini.

Okulandelayo enuzi "Buk" lalisetshenziselwa radar kwesimo endaweni satellite. Iyunithi yokuqala yethulwa ngonyaka 1970 kusukela Baikonur Cosmodrome.

Namuhla, "Roskosmos" futhi "Rosatom" sipho ukwakha umkhumbi-mkhathi, okuzokwenza ifakwe zenuzi rocket injini futhi uzokwazi ukuya Moon ne-Mars. Kodwa kuze kube manje konke esigabeni isiphakamiso.

Ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi e umkhakha

amandla Nuclear isetshenziswa ukwandisa nozwela ahlukahlukene okuhlaziya amakhemikhali kanye ukukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia, i-hydrogen namanye amakhemikhali, ezisetshenziswa ukwenziwa fertilizer.

amandla enuzi, esetshenziswa embonini chemical ukhiqiza izakhi ezintsha kumakhemikhali, kuyasiza kabusha izinqubo ezenzeka uqweqwe eMhlabeni.

Ukuze kungeyona amanzi anosawoti kanye nemandla enuzi isetshenziswa. Ukusetshenziswa embonini steel kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba alulame insimbi nsimbi. Umbala - osetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa aluminium.

Ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi kwezolimo

Ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi kwezolimo uyayixazulula inkinga Ukukhetha futhi kusiza ekulweni izinambuzane.

amandla enuzi isetshenziselwa ukubukeka yokwanda koshintsho e imbewu. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze bathole izinhlobo ezintsha eziletha ngaphezulu isivuno kanye nesifo ukumelana izitshalo. Ngakho, abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye kakolweni esekhulile e-Italy ukwenziwa pasta, waba isuselwe wezakhi.

Futhi ngosizo radioisotopes ukunquma yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu yokusebenzisa fertilizer. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzisebenzisa ukunquma ukuthi ukutshala irayisi zingancishiswa ngu isicelo nitrogen umquba. Lokhu kuyokwenza ugcine okungagcini nje ngokuchitha imali, kodwa futhi ekulondolozeni imvelo.

Nasi ukusetshenziswa ongavamile amandla enuzi - kungcono ukuchayeka isinambuzane izibungu. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze alethe kubo imvelo. Kulokhu, izinambuzane kwavela izibungu okufakwe imisebe akudingeki inzalo, kodwa ngenye indlela ejwayelekile.

imithi enuzi

Medicine isebenzisa isotopes enemisebe ukwenza ukusazi ngokunembile isifo esikuphethe. isotopes Medical abe iDemo isigamu-nokuphila futhi lwenza ingabibikho enye ingozi ethile abanye, futhi isiguli.

Enye ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi kwezokwelapha uvulekele muva. Lokhu tomography positron ekushayweni. Ingasetshenziselwa ukuthola umdlavuza e zisaqala.

Ukusetshenziswa amandla enuzi kwezokuthutha

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-50-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule, kwenziwa imizamo ukwakha Ethangeni zenuzi-sikagesi. Ukuthuthukiswa oluqale e-United States, kodwa iphrojekthi ayizange awenziwanga. Kakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi lezi amathangi bebelokhu abakwazi ukuxazulula inkinga avikele nezisebenzi.

Akwaziwa Ford esebenze kanzima emotweni, okuyinto uzosebenza emandleni enuzi. Kodwa lapho kuvezwa isakhiwo umshini enjalo akuhambile.

Into wukuthi ukufakwa yenuzi kuthatha eningi isikhala, futhi imoto uthola ntathu kakhulu. sikhungo Compact ungazange uvele iphrojekthi wokuvelela ngakho waphenduka.

Mhlawumbe ezokuthutha edume kunazo eyehlayo on amandla enuzi - yimikhumbi ezahlukene, kokubili izinjongo ezempi kanye civil:

• icebreakers Nuclear-powered.
• imikhumbi Ezokuthutha.
• Aircraft abathwali.
• Imikhumbi-ngwenya.
• Cruisers.
• ngwenya Nuclear.

Izinzuzo nezingozi nebubi lemandla enuzi

Namuhla, isabelo lemandla enuzi ekukhiqizeni amandla global imayelana 17 amaphesenti. Nakuba isintu esebenzisa izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, kodwa zigcine zayo akuzona elingapheli.

Ngakho-ke, njengoba elinye, wasebenzisa fuel zenuzi. Kodwa inqubo ekuwulungiseleleni nokusetshenziswa lihlotshaniswa nengozi enkulu ukuphila futhi imvelo.

Yiqiniso, njalo ngcono Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi, ukuthatha zonke izinyathelo zokuvikeleka, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kunganele. Isibonelo yengozi eChernobyl amandla enuzi kanye Fukushima.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ophendulayo ukusebenza kungekho kahle likhipha kungekho imvelo ngemisebe, kuyilapho amandla ezishisayo we semali izinto eziyingozi emkhathini.

Ingozi embi kunazo zonke ichithwa fuel, ukucutshungulwa yayo futhi isitoreji. Ngoba namuhla akuyona yasungulwa kulahlwa ephephile ngokuphelele kukadoti ongahlala.