Isikhala rocket. Russian isikhala namarokhethi kanye US

Kuze kube yimanje, Russian Federation inesikhala umkhakha emhlabeni enamandla kakhulu. IRussia ingelinye umholi ongenambangi emkhakheni andize Isikhala Ubuye silinganiso ne-United States ezindabeni isikhala navigation. Ezinye ukusalela ezweni lethu, kukhona kuphela izifundo ezikude isikhala interplanetary, kanye nokuthuthukiswa abathola kude Zomhlaba.

indaba

Isikhala rocket yaqale wakhulelwa ososayensi Russian Tsiolkovsky futhi Meshchersky. Bona babe 1897-1903 edala imfundiso yokuziphendukela indiza yayo. Esikhathini eside kamuva, lo mkhuba waqala ukuthuthukisa ososayensi angaphandle. Kwakuwusuku amaJalimane von Braun futhi Oberth kanye American Goddard. Ngokuthula esiphakathi kwezimpi, umbuzo jet ngamandla, kanye nekwakha le njongo okuqinile kanye izinjini ketshezi abathintekayo emazweni amathathu nje kuphela emhlabeni. Kwaba Russia, USA naseJalimane.

Ngu neminyaka engu-40 th kwekhulu lama-20, izwe lethu kungaba uyaziqhenya impumelelo izuzwe ngokwesikhundla okuqinile-Propellant izinjini. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ukusetshenziswa nesikhali esiyingozi phakathi neMpi Yezwe II njengoba "Katyusha". Ngokuphathelene ukudalwa yezikhali ezicitshwayo ezinkulu ifakwe injini uketshezi, umholi eJalimane kwaba lapha. Kuyinto kulelizwe kwakuba zamukela le "V-2". Lena kweminsalo lokuqala ballistic, ezithinta ibanga elincane. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, "V-2" lalisetshenziselwa kwamabhomu of England.

Ngemva kokunqoba Soviet phezu eJalimane lobuNazi core ithimba Wernher von Braun ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe ngqo umkhankaso imisebenzi yayo e-United States. Kodwa bona babethatha nabo kusuka emazweni wahlulwa yayikade athuthukile imidwebo izibalo lapho probe isikhala Kwadingeka ukuba kwakhiwe. sekuvele ingxenyana encane iqembu lososayensi nonjiniyela German kuphela baqhubeka nomsebenzi walo eSoviet Union kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-50s kwekhulu lama-20. At onawo yawo kwakuyilawa Kwezinye izingxenye imishini inqubo nezikhali ezicitshwayo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izibalo nemidwebo.

Esikhathini esizayo, kokubili e-US kanye eU.SSR micibisholo "V-2" (nansi P-1) ziye kabusha, futhi into enqunyiwe ukuthuthukiswa rocket, yakhelwe ukwandisa uhla.

ithiyori Tsiolkovsky

Lokhu usosayensi omkhulu Russian futhi womqalisi oluvelele self-wafundisa kubhekwe uyise ka Astronautics. Baze wesandla komlando "Isikhala Mahhala" yalotshwa 1883. Kulesi umsebenzi Tsiolkovsky uphakamise okokuqala ukuthi ukunyakaza amaplanethi kungenzeka, kanye nesidingo salokhu ekhethekile izindiza, yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "isikhala rocket". Imfundiso uqobo idivayisi esisheshayo uye Wakufakazisa 1903. Kwathiwa eziqukethwe umsebenzi enesihloko esithi "Isifundo isikhala emhlabeni". Lapha umlobi enikeza ubufakazi bokuthi rocket Isikhala apharathasi ngawo kungenzeka ukushiya emkhathini woMhlaba. Lo mbono kwaba revolution yangempela isayensi. Ngemva ukubalekela Mars, Moon futhi kwamanye amaplanethi isintu besilokhu sinephupho isikhathi eside. Nokho, izazi baye bahluleka ukuthola indlela indiza kufanele zihlelwe iyiswe endaweni engenalutho ngokuphelele ngaphandle ukwesekwa, uyakwazi ukunikeza ke ukushesha. Le nkinga yaxazululeka ngu Tsiolkovsky ngubani ezihlongozwayo ukusebenzisa le njongo enenjini jet. Kuphela ngosizo indlela enjalo kwakungatholakala anqobe isikhala.

Umgomo we operation

Russian isikhala namarokhethi, US nakwamanye amazwe kude ku Earth orbit usebenzisa injini rocket, wanikela ngesikhathi esifanele Tsiolkovsky. Kulezi izinhlelo, amandla amakhemikhali fuel iguqulwe ibe energy kinetic possessed jet ukhiphe kusukela umlomo wombhobho. Yenqubo ethile kwenzeka emakamelweni omlilo of izinjini enjalo. Bona okuholela ukuphendula oxidant nophethiloli uphehla ukushisa. Ngakho imikhiqizo amandla omlilo kuthiwa wandisa, evuthayo, asheshayo umlomo wombhobho futhi ukhiphe ngesivinini esikhulu. Rocket ngenkathi ezihambayo sibonga umthetho ukulondolozwa umfutho. It is yanda, okuyinto iqondiswa kolunye uhlangothi.

Kuze kube manje, kukhona injini imiklamo efana isikhala zommbila, oseyili solar, nokunye. D. Nokho, kungukuthi ekusebenzeni, njengoba namanje ngaphansi ukuthuthukiswa.

Mkhathi lokuqala

Rocket Tsiolkovskii ezihlongozwayo ososayensi lalimelela ekamelweni metal ijamo side. Ngaphandle, abaprofethi bamanga wayebukeka njengomuntu ibhaluni noma indiza. Front, ikhanda isikhala rocket besihloselwe abagibeli. Lapha, amadivaysi control zifakiwe, kanye ezidayiswayo egcinwe carbon dioxide ne-oksijini izimpahla. I ukukhanyisa gumbi inikezelwe abagibeli. Ingxenye yesibili eyinhloko rocket Ziolkowski ahlelwe umlilo nezinto ezinokuvutha. Lapho ukuxuba kuholele kumiswa mass alufakwa. Kwaba wokushiswa esikhundleni sakhe okhethwe inhliziyo rocket ukhiphe kusukela ipayipi ekwandiseni ngesivinini esikhulu ngesimo amagesi esishisayo.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside igama Tsiolkovsky awuzange owaziwa, phesheya hhayi kuphela kodwa futhi Russia. Abaningi babembheka umphuphi, i idealist futhi ome njengeqanda-mphuphi. Ukuhlolela yemisebenzi le usosayensi omkhulu kweqiniso wathola kuphela obhekwe amandla Soviet.

Ukudala uhlelo missile-USSR

izinyathelo esemqoka ekuthuthukisweni isikhala interplanetary Kuye kwenziwa ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II. Kwakuyisikhathi lapho i-United States, njengoba amandla enuzi kuphela, waqala asicindezele zezombusazwe ngezwe lethu. Injongo yokuqala okuyinto wafakwa phambi ososayensi bethu eqinisa izivikelo waseRussia. Ukuze amthethise ngaphansi zalwa e iminyaka impi yomshoshaphansi kwakudingekile ukwakha-athomu abese hydrogen ibhomu. Eyesibili, akukho kancane nzima umsebenzi kwaba ukuletha isikhali a target. Ngenxa yalesi futhi kwakudingeka rocket lempi. Ukuze izinhlangano zikwazi ukusungula lobu buchwepheshe kudala njengoba 1946 uhulumeni we abaklami induna amadivayisi gyroscopic abaphakanyisiwe, rocket izinjini, izinhlelo zokulawula nokunye. D. Zibe Abantu Abadala Abavuthiwe ngokuxhumanisa ukuze zibe yisikhungo esisodwa zonke izinhlelo baba SP Korolev.

Kakade ngo-1948 owokuqala athuthukile eSoviet missile ballistic lwavivinywa ngempumelelo. izindiza Okufanayo US Kwakuseshwa eminyakeni embalwa kamuva.

Ukwethulwa kwe-satellite yokufakelwa

Ngaphandle uhulumeni Yakha namaSoviet lempi izisethile umsebenzi ukuhlola umkhathi. Umsebenzi kulesi siqondiso zenziwa ososayensi abaningi nabaqambi. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba emoyeni uvukile InterContinental missile ububanzi, Onjiniyela imishini enjalo, kwaba sobala ukuthi ngokunciphisa Inkokhelo kwendiza, kungawufinyelela njengengcebo enkulu kunemicebo Isivinini isikhala. Leli qiniso kusikisela ukuthi kungenzeka kwezimpawu ku umzila wokuzungeza komhlaba ngama-satellite yokufakelwa. Lo mcimbi esaqopha umlando senzeka 10/04/1957 Kwaba ukuqala isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando entsha e ukuhlola umkhathi.

Ukudalwa zikhali zaseSoviet

Umsebenzi ukuthuthukiswa Umhlaba isikhala airless safuna umzamo omkhulu ingxenye amaqembu eziningi abaklami, ososayensi kanye nezisebenzi. Abadali of the rocket isikhala kwakufanele ukuthuthukisa uhlelo izindiza emzileni, phansi Debug isevisi, nokunye. D.

Injongo kwaba umsebenzi onzima. Kwakudingekile ukwandisa isisindo rocket futhi enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba sifinyelele yesibili isivinini cosmic. Yingakho ngo-1958-1959, okuhlukile ezintathu isigaba yenjini jet yasungulwa ezweni lethu. Nge wakhe wokusungula isibe kungenzeka ukwenza isikhala rocket lokuqala, okungase ekhuphukela orbit indoda. Three-esiteji izinjini wavula kungenzeka flying enyangeni.

Ngokulandelayo, uqalise izimoto zichwephesha nakakhulu. Ngakho, i-four-imodeli jet injini yadalwa ngo-1961. Naye, missile akwazi ukuxoxa hhayi kuphela inyanga kodwa futhi ukuze uthole Mars noma Venus.

Eyokuqala indiza bavimba

Qala isikhala rocket nendoda ebhodini siqala ukuba khona 12.04.1961 ngikhishwa phansi "Vostok" okuzoqondiswa by Yuriem Gagarinym. Lo mcimbi kwaba yingqophamlando kunazo zonke esintwini. Ngo-April 1961, ukuhlola umkhathi wathola ukuthuthukiswa yayo entsha. Inguquko abaleka bavimba waphoqelela Abaklami ukudala izindiza enjalo, okuyinto uzobuyela Umhlaba ekunqobeni emkhathini ngokuphepha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-rocket isikhala bekumele kufanele kuhlinzekwe esisekela ukuphila uhlelo ebandakanya emoyeni ukuvuselelwa, ukudla kanye nokunye. Zonke lezi zinto ziye ukuxazululwa ngempumelelo.

Ukuhlola okuqhubekayo isikhala

thayipha "Vostok" rocket isikhathi eside nomthelela kwawo nendima evelele-USSR emkhakheni Ukuhlolwa eduze cleaner. Ukusebenzisa kwabo kudlulela kulesi sikhathi samanje. Kufika 1964 izindiza "East" zaba analogue akhona ku umthamo wayo.

Ngandlela-thile kamuva, bantfu eliveni lakitsi kanye izimoto ezinamandla kakhudlwana adaliwe e-United States. Igama isikhala namarokhethi zalolu hlobo, yakhelwe ezweni lethu - the "Proton-M". American apharathasi efanayo - "Delta-IV». EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani imoto kwethulwa "Ariane-5" lwenzelwe elingelakwaJuda uhlobo ezinzima. Konke lokhu izindiza uvumele okukhipha amathani 21-25 wezimpahla kumuntu ukuphakama 200 km, okuyinto ongaphakeme-Earth orbit.

ezintsha

Njengengxenye iphrojekthi indiza inabasebenzi enyangeni zadalwa RN okuqondene ekilasini super-esindayo. Lawa US isikhala missile ngokuthi "i-Saturn-5 'futhi H-1 Soviet. Kamuva Soviet super-esindayo rocket "Amandla" yasungulwa, okwamanje ayisetshenziswa. Inamandla rocket American kwaba "okomkhathi". Le missile avunyelwe orbit mkhathi mass amathani 100.

Abakhi izindiza

Isikhala ezicitshwayo owaklama futhi wadala ku DB-1 (Special Design Bureau) TSKBEM (Central Design kokulinganisa IHhovisi Lokudweba Amapulani), futhi i-NGO (Scientific and Industrial Association) "Amandla". Kulapha wabona ukukhanya yezikhali ezicitshwayo Russian ballistic yazo zonke izinhlobo. Ngakho safika futhi nanye izakhiwo ezihlose impumelelo ezingenza wathatha ibutho lethu izikhali. Ngemizamo yalezi zinkampani abasebenzi yasungulwa kanye R-7 - isikhala rocket kuqala, okuyinto kubhekwa enokwethenjelwa kakhulu emhlabeni manje. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule, la izimboni izinyathelo zokwenza futhi baqhuba umsebenzi kuzo zonke izindawo ezihlobene ekuthuthukiseni cosmonautics. Kusukela ngo-1994, inkampani anikwa igama elisha, ngokuba OAO RSC "Energia".

Namuhla, nomkhiqizi isikhala namarokhethi

RSC "Energia". SP The Queen kuyinto ibhizinisi amasu yeRussia. Kufeza indima yokuhola ukuklanywa womshini bavimba isikhala izinhlelo. ukunakwa Omkhulu ikhokhelwa ngokudalwa ubuchwepheshe obusha. Lapha achazwayo ezikhethekile othomathikhi izinhlelo Isikhala rocket yokuqalisa izindiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, RSC "Amandla" ngenkuthalo ethula ubuchwepheshe ephezulu imikhiqizo akuhlobene ekuthuthukiseni a cleaner.

Njengengxenye yalolu ibhizinisi, ngaphezu kwekhanda umklamo bureau yilezi:

- JSC "kokulinganisa Machine Isakhiwo Isitshalo".

- JSC "PO" Cosmos ".

- JSC "iVolga Design Bureau".

- "Baikonur" legatsha.

Izinhlelo ethembisayo ibhizinisi yilezi:

- izindaba zokuqhubeka ukuhlola umkhathi kanye kudalwa isizukulwane yakamuva bavimba isikhala sezokuthutha esiyinkimbinkimbi;

- ukuthuthukiswa izindiza bavimba imigwaqo, ekwazi kahle isikhala interplanetary;

- design kanye ukudalwa amandla kanye nezokuxhumana isikhala izinhlelo ngokusebenzisa ekhethekile reflectors wosayizi omncane kanye antenna.