Amahlathi avulekile: izici, ukukhululeka, izitshalo nezilwane

Izoni kwamahlathi lezihlahla itholakala ensimini ka Manchuria, eMpumalanga Ekude, e ngaphakathi zone esipholile yeYurophu, empumalanga China, i-Nyakatfo Melika. sithinta ingxenye aseningizimu yeNingizimu Melika nakwezinye izingxenye ze-Asia Ephakathi.

amahlathi Okubanzi enezicabha nkinga ivame kakhulu lapho ebusa a sezulu esipholile efudumele, kanye isilinganiso ukushisa kanye umswakama - okungcono. Lokhu kunikeza izimo ezikahle ngesikhathi yokukhula. Ishidi ipuleti ezihlahleni ezikhulayo kukhona ububanzi, kungakho igama layo liyi yehlathi. Iziphi ezinye izici Ubonise endaweni yemvelo? amahlathi Okubanzi enezicabha kukhona nezilwane eziningi, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni nezinambuzane.

izici isici

Ikakhulukazi amahlathi broadleaf baqamekela yokuthi eziyizitezi ezimbili ezingafani bungabonakala kuzo. Omunye wabo - ayanda, elinye - ephansi. Lezi nezihlahlana ihlathi, utshani likhula etholakala imikhakha emithathu, cover emhlabathini imelelwa ulele futhi wona.

Esinye isici umbuso ukukhanya. Kulezi amahlathi ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana esiphezulu ababili ukukhanya. Okokuqala ebonwe entwasahlobo, lapho izihlahla azikakabi imbozwe amahlamvu. Esesibili - ekwindla lapho amahlamvu thins. Summer ukukhanya Ukungena incane. Imodi ngenhla uchaza izici ikhava utshani.

Inhlabathi broadleaf amahlathi ocebile organic compounds nokumbiwa. Bangabaholi yi yokubola isitshalo udoti. Izihlahla amahlathi lezihlahla aqukethe umlotha. Ikakhulukazi eziningi ke emaqabungeni - mayelana yamaphesenti ayisihlanu. Ash, esikhundleni salokho, ecebile calcium (amabili amaphesenti angu Imininingwane). Ngo ngezithako zawo sihlanganisa potassium (cishe ababili amaphesenti) ne-silicon (bebathathu per cent).

Izihlahla amahlathi lezihlahla

Scaffolding yalolu hlobo zinezikhathi ezihlukahlukene ocebile zemithi. Kugcine ungakwazi ukubala mayelana kunabantu. Okubanzi enezicabha emahlathini ehlathini, isibonelo, abacebile ngakho kule ndaba. Isizathu siwukuthi isimo sezulu esibi Leli hlathi linobukhulu obuphindwe hhayi njengoba sici ukukhula nokuthuthuka ye izitshalo. Abaningi bafuna ukunyuselwa amaholo yokwakheka umhlabathi nesimo sezulu zemithi ngeke ziqhubeke ziphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle.

Engxenyeni eseningizimu yaleli Tula esifundeni ihlathi abadumile. Unika umbono olukhulu yikuphi okungaba emahlathini ezibanzi enezicabha. Umhlabathi kulendawo sisihle ukukhula izihlahla njengoba petiolate oki, lime encane enezicabha, aquifolium futhi ensimini maples, umlotha ezivamile, Elm, Elm, apula zasendle kanye eliphakathi kwe. Oaks nomlotha eliphakeme, balandela aquifolium maples, elms futhi Linden. Ephansi - ensimini Maple, zasendle eliphakathi kwe kanye apula izihlahla. Njengomthetho, isikhundla evelele kuhlala kwesihlahla se-okhi nezinye izihlahla ukwenza njenge iziphuphutheki.

Ake sihlole kabanzi abameleli oshiwo ngenhla dendroflora.

1. Oak. Lona main ukukhanya coniferous amahlathi ezibanzi enezicabha endaweni European. IsiZulu kwesihlahla se-okhi - omunye dolgorastuschih kakhulu futhi izihlahla ezinkulu. Litholakala ku iziza yangasese lihlala olulodwa. With ikhono ukubekezelela izihlahla Oak zingakwazi ukukhiqiza izikelemu enhle nge eyindilinga, obovate, shatrovidnymi umqhele ukuma.
2. Elm. zinhlobo Smooth futhi anolaka zitholakala emahlathini ezindaweni ze-non-black. Lezi zihlahla ezinkulu bakha luba uqimba coniferous namahlathi lezihlahla. Ngaphambili kabanzi ukudweba, kodwa eminyakeni yamuva lokhu kuthambekela yehlile ngenxa ukubhebhetheka kwalesi sifo, njengoba isifo Dutch of Elm.
3. umlotha European. Lesi sitshalo ifinyelela amamitha amathathu noma amane ukuphakama. Ngenxa yalesi isihlahla libhekene isiqu sasivumela iqonde, amagxolo kuyinto grey ukukhanya (nge isikhathi uthola emnyama), okuxekethile openwork umqhele, uphuthelwe eziningi elangeni. Uhlelo impande has a ebanzi kakhulu, esinamandla, efihlekile aminyene futhi umshanelo. I esiwuphawu sici - izimfuno eliphezulu ukubunjwa inhlabathi. umlotha European uwuhlobo ezinkulu yokuzalanisa ensimini e-ultraviolet. Lokhu ukushisa kanye isitshalo photophilous, entwasahlobo yesithwathwa ithwala ezimbi. umlotha Izimbali senzeka ngoMeyi, inqubo impova kwenziwa ngumoya. nokuvuthwa sikhathi izithelo - October-November. Bayakhothama noma ebusika, noma kwentwasahlobo.
4. Beech Ihlathi. Eqhubeka ukudluliselwa okuyinto izihlahla zikhule ehlathini lezihlahla, ingasaphathwa-ke. It sifinyelela amamitha amane okusezingeni eliphezulu namamitha eyodwa nengxenye ububanzi. Beech amagxolo grey ukukhanya, amahlamvu okweqanda. ezinkulu ukusatshalaliswa ezindaweni - entshonalanga yeYurophu, eCaucasus, eCrimea. Ikhaya ukubaluleka ihlathi beech kuyizithelo zalo. nati Okunomsoco uvuthwe ngo September-Okthoba. They cishe amathathu amaphesenti semidrying aqukethe uwoyela okunamafutha, esilinganayo - izidakamizwa nitrogen. isithelo esibalulekile futhi unothile isitashi, ushukela, acid (citric futhi malic), tannins. Ngokuthakazelisayo, alkaloid ezinesihlungu ngokuthi fagin ivame ukubola lapho yokuwugazinga namantongomane. Ngakho-ke uba ngokuphelele ephephile impilo yomuntu. Kusukela izithelo ukukhiqiza esikhundleni ikhofi, ngefomu emhlabathini, kunezelwa ufulawa ezivamile ekulungiseleleni imikhiqizo ebhikawozi. Beech ukhuni kuyinto enhle futhi iqine impahla zokuhlobisa.
5. Maple. amahlathi Okubanzi enezicabha ezimbili, etholakala engxenyeni European yeRussia ne eCaucasus, izimpawu njengoba evumayo ezikhulayo imvelo aquifolium (ezivamile) maples. Lezi zihlahla zikhula amamitha amabili ukuphakama. Amaqabunga azo ayisimangaliso ezinkulu, oluhlaza amnyama, ne iyizingxenye ezinhlanu. Amagxolo umbala - grey. Amahlumela namaqabunga yalesi sihlahla kabanzi for ekwelapheni izifo ezihlukahlukene. Kulezi izipho bemvelo iqukethe semali ascorbic acid, alkaloids, tannin. Iziphungo kanye infusions aphathe izilonda, ukuvuvukala. Futhi ukukhiqiza choleretic, isisu, umphumela isinqandakuvunda kanye analgesic. Amalungu imithi herbal uyazi lapho izihlahla ehlathini lezihlahla ziwusizo kakhulu. Ngakho, amahlamvu e-maple futhi amahlumela anconywe ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo ka-jaundice ezinso, ukuqeda isicanucanu nokuhlanza.

amakhambi

Plant amahlathi lezihlahla zinezikhathi esikhulu ezibanzi leaf amapuleti. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu bebizwa kwesihlahla se-okhi shirokotraviem. Ezinye amakhambi zivela nesisodwa, abakaze yakha amahlozi njengomuzi ongangeneki. Nokho, abanye akha uhlobo ukhaphethi esehlanganise izindawo ezinkulu. amakhambi ezinjalo evelele. Phakathi kwabo kukhona phansi umdala, sedge kanye Zelenchuk enoboya ophuzi.

Izitshalo eziningi herbaceous ezikhona emahlathini lezihlahla, kuyinto zisetshenziswa. Baphila ngokuvumelana amashumi eminyaka. Njengomthetho, babengeke baphile alondolozwa esiphelweni vegetative. Imbewu bona ukuzalela kabi. Isici nobuntu lezi zitshalo - eside komhlaba kanye aboveground amahlumela, ukukhula ngokushesha bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene futhi ezweni elisha ngenkuthalo okuthakazelisayo.

Izingxenye sendawo iningi abameleli Oakwood afe emuva ekwindla. Overwinter kuphela enhlabathini izimpande kanye rhizomes. Bahlela efihlekile obalulekile kusuka ngomhla ka okuyinto izimila ezintsha akhiqizwa entwasahlobo.

I okuhlukile ngokuqondene nalo mthetho

abameleli ezingavamile shirokotravya ahlale eluhlaza ebusika nehlobo. Lezi zitshalo zihlanganisa: Asarum, Zelenchuk, sedge enoboya.

nezihlahla

Njengoba lezi zinhlobo izitshalo, amahlathi abo lezihlahla ukuhlangabezana nzima kakhulu. Bamane akuzona eziyizici nezigxobo ezingcwele, + kodwa hhayi njalo emahlathini coniferous, lapho otshanini sikhule yonke indawo. Inqubo esetshenziswa kabanzi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye cranberry.

'Laphuthuma "ijabule ephemeroids

Lezi zitshalo kukhona zezingcwenti ukutadisha izitshalo ihlathi, ngabomvu. Phakathi kwabo, celandine elincane, Buttercup Anemone, Corydalis izinhlobo ezahlukene futhi gagea. Lezi zitshalo ngokuvamile yayincane, kodwa abakuhlakulelayo ngokushesha okukhulu. ezisheshayo Ephemeroids wayeyozalelwaphi ngokushesha emva ukunyamalala isembozo iqhwa. Ezinye Frisky ikakhulukazi rostochku indlela yabo ngisho eqhweni. Ngemva kwesonto, okungenani ezimbili, imbali yabo efihlekile ukuqhakaza kakade. Ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa iza sokuvuthwa izithelo nembewu. Izitshalo afake phansi, jika phuzi ngalesosikhathi ukuthi ingxenye yazo esemgwaqweni ngaphezu komhlabathi uyafa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nqubo kwenzeka kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi ehlobo, lapho, njengoba kungase kubonakale, izimo ukukhula nokuthuthuka elihle kunawo. Imfihlo ilula. Ngo ephemeroids ngumnikazi isigqi wokuphila, sihluke uhlobo ukuthuthukiswa ihluzo nezinye izitshalo. Bona eziqhakaza izimbali umnyuziki kuphela entwasahlobo nasehlobo ngabo - sekuyisikhathi kwamazinyo.

Iningi zikhuthaza isikhathi nentuthuko - kwentwasahlobo. Ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka ehlathini kukhona inani eliphezulu ukukhanya, njengoba nezitshalo ezokudabuka kwamanye amazwe ziye ungakabi aluthola ikhava obukhulu green. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nale nkathi inhlabathi ligcwele umswakama ngokufanele. Ngokuqondene emazingeni okushisa ehlobo, ephemeroids akadingi. Zonke lezi zitshalo kukhona zisetshenziswa. Abanaso bafa sebedlulile ingxenye yabo zasemoyeni bome. Ukuhlala izimpande komhlaba ethulwa nezilimo eziyizigaxa, ama noma rhizomes. Lemigwamanda kukhona ekhosombeni kwezakhi, ikakhulukazi isitashi. Yingakho, amaqabunga nezimbali avele ngisheshe bese zikhula ngokushesha ngakho.

Ephemeroids zivamile enkolweni lezihlahla izitshalo kwesihlahla se-okhi ihlathi. Sekukonke kukhona cishe eyishumi izinhlobo. izimbali zabo zipendwe elikhanyayo onsomi, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ophuzi. Phakathi zom ephemeroids yakha sakhaphethi obukhulu enhle.

wona

amahlathi Russian ezibanzi enezicabha kukhona izindawo zezinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene wona. Ngokungafani ihlathi Boreal lapho lezi zitshalo akha obukhulu green ikhava inhlabathi oki moss zimbozwe inhlabathi kabanzi akunjalo. Indima wona emahlathini broadleaf kuyinto ngempela nesizotha. Isizathu esiyinhloko yokuthi iqabunga udoti yehlathi broadleaf nethonya elilimazayo lezi zitshalo.

nezilwane

Izilwane Russian amahlathi ezibanzi enezicabha - ke ungulates, carnivores, izinambuzane, amagundane namalulwame. Izinguqulo eziningi kunazo siyenzeka kulezo zindawo ezingenziwanga sathinteka indoda. Ngakho, emahlathini ezibanzi enezicabha, ungabona zisagcwele izinyamazane, izingulube zasendle, izinyamazane yifusi, sika kanye nezinyamazane obomvu, amaphiva. Lamabutho ezidla imelelwa izimpungushe, impisi, marten, Ermine futhi ochakide. amahlathi Okubanzi enezicabha ezimbili, nezilwane okuyinto ezilapho, ahlala ama-beaver, izingwejeje muskrats kanye nutria. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zindawo kuhlala amagundane, amagundane, nezimvukuzane, onogwaja, shrews, izinyoka, izibankwa marsh izimfudu.

Izinyoni lezihlahla amahlathi - larks, izintaka, warblers, tits, flycatcher, Swallows, starlings. Kukhona futhi iyikhaya amagwababa, Ehlasela, grouse Iziqophamithi, crossbill, jackdaws, grouse. Izinyoni ezidla ivezwa oklebe, izikhova, izikhova, isikhova futhi lunyami. Marshes - uyikhaya zibuthana, Cranes, izindwandwe, ama-gull, namahansi.

Esikhathini esidlule, amahlathi ezibanzi enezicabha abangu ugcwale zinyathi. Manje, ngeshwa, it is a emashumini ambalwa ngabanye. Lezi zilwane avikelekile ngokomthetho. Aphila Bialowieza Ihlathi (Belarus), e-Oka Reserve Terras (Russian Federation), kwamanye amazwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu nasemazweni ePoland. izilwane eziningana ziphuthunyiswe eCaucasus. Nalapho futhi kuhlanganiswe zinyathi.

Isibalo inyamazane futhi usebhekene ushintsho. Zaba ingasaphathwa ngenxa yezenzo ngesihluku yomuntu. Massive ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kanye namasimu zilima abe yingozi kwalezi zilwane ezinhle. Deer ongafinyelela amamitha amabili ubude futhi amathathu namashumi amane-kilogram isisindo. Ngokuvamile bahlala nezinkomo izilwane engaze ibe yishumi. Evelele ezimweni eziningi kungowesifazane. Uhlala kuye nenzalo yakhe.

Autumn ngezinye izikhathi abesilisa abuthele uhlobo isithembu. Okusikhumbuza icilongo ukubhonga yabo wenziwa emithathu kuya kwemine amakhilomitha emhlabeni. Izinyamazane yimpumelelo kakhulu, won izimpi izimbangi zakhe bangahlangana naye nabesifazane amabili. kwakhiwa Ngakho olunye uhlobo ezinyamazane umhlambi. Ekuqaleni isizini ihlobo, izinyamazane bazalwa abasha. Bezalwa enesisindo esingaba amakhilogremu ayisishiyagalombili nanye. izinyanga eziyisithupha ziye baye banda ngokushesha. abesilisa munye ukuthola izimpondo.

Izinyamazane udle utshani, amaqabunga neziqu zezihlahla, ama-fungus, ulele, umhlanga, umhlonyane. Kodwa izinaliti ezintweni esizidlayo Akukuhle nhlobo. Esikhathini izinyamazane zasendle siphile iminyaka engaba ngu-nanhlanu. In ekuthunjweni, lesi sibalo kuyokwenziwa kabili.

Beaver - ngisho ezinye izakhamuzi amahlathi lezihlahla. I izimo ezikahle kakhulu kwabo kukhona eYurophu, eNyakatho Melika nase-Asia. Umkhawulo eqoshiwe isisindo lalesi silwane - amakhilogremu amathathu nomzimba obuphelele - imitha elilodwa. Bobrov ihlukanisa umzimba omkhulu kanye nomsila isicaba. Yilena ehlala ezingutsheni eziqinile phakathi iminwe imilenze indluzelekazi ukusiza ukugcina yokuphila amanzi. umbala Fur ziyahlukahluka kusuka brown ukukhanya ukuze omnyama. Oiling izinwele zakhe mfihlo ekhethekile, ama-beaver bavikelekile kokuthola ezimanzi. Lapho emanzini ezindlebeni isilwane kungezwa emakhaleni ivaliwe. Okwezomnotho emoyeni ukusetshenziswa kuyamsiza uhlale ngaphansi kwamanzi kuze kuphele imizuzu engu nanhlanu. Ama-beaver uncamela axazulule ogwini emachibini oxbow emachibini nasemifuleni kancane esilazayo. Basuke bakhangwa luningi izimila angasogwini nasemaxhaphozini yasemanzini. Ama-beaver izindlu imbobo noma eqhugwaneni yokuqala, umnyango engaphansi kwamanzi. ukwakhiwa Idamu kulezi izilwane uma ezingeni amanzi ingahlalisekanga. Ngenxa kwalezi zindawo ezilungisiwe amanzi emifula, ukuvumela ukungena endlini kusukela amanzi. amagatsha Peregryzanie ngisho izihlahla ezinkulu beaver inikezwe kalula. Ngakho, Aspen ngamasentimitha eziyisihlanu kuya kweziyisikhombisa ububanzi, uchayeke lezi eziphambi imizuzu emibili. ukudla abawuthandayo - umhlanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingabantu engakwenqeni udle iris, iminduze amanzi, Potbelly. Ama-beaver ziphile emikhayeni engenabo. izilwane Young uya beyofuna yebhangqa Ngomnyaka wesithathu ka-ukuphila.

izingulube zasendle - eyodwa ngaphezulu izakhamuzi ejwayelekile kwamahlathi lezihlahla. Banezinhliziyo ikhanda omkhulu kanye empumulweni enamandla kakhulu eside. Isikhali esinamandla kunazo zonke izilwane - the amazinyo abukhali esingunxantathu ukuthi bahlose phezulu nasemuva. Vision e Izinkunzi akukuhle kakhulu, kodwa lokhu offset ngokuzwa esihle kanye nomuzwa ojulile iphunga. zezinhlobo ezinkulu ukufinyelela isisindo khilogremu, anamakhulu mathathu. komzimba wesilwane ivikelwe bristles konsundu. Uqinile kakhulu.

Boar - abagijimi kakhulu futhi kubantu ababhukudayo. Lezi zilwane unqobe amandla ebhukuda ichibi, ububanzi amakhilomitha ambalwa. Ngesisekelo ukudla kwabo siqukethe izitshalo, kodwa singasho ukuthi izingulube omnivores. ukudla abawuthandayo - acorns namantongomane beech, futhi ngeke give up on amaxoxo, amagundane, umntwana izinyoni, izinambuzane nezinyoka.

abameleli ezihuquzelayo

amahlathi ezibunayo owakhiwe samabululu, yezinyoka, copperhead, veretennitsami, oluhlaza futhi isibankwa. Ubungozi ukuba abantu bamele kuphela enesihlungu. Abantu abaningi ngephutha sikholelwe ukuthi copperhead efanayo ezinesihlungu, kodwa akuyona. Ezinye zezinto eziningi kakhulu broadleaf amahlathi silwane - izinyoka.

izici impumuzo

Izoni kwamahlathi lezihlahla (kanye okuxubile) eYurophu eyayiyingxenye Russia svoebrazny yakha unxantathu, kumila esemgwaqweni at imingcele esentshonalanga yezwe, futhi ichopho kuhlala zase-Ural. Kusukela kule ndawo ayizange kanye imbozwe ice yezwekazi ngesikhathi eziNgekho ngaPhansi kukaHulumeni, nesimo sendawo yayo ikakhulukazi elinamagquma. I izimpawu ezisobala kakhulu ukuba khona Valdai yeqhwa lasinda enyakatho-ntshonalanga. Kukhona indawo ye lezihlahla kanye okuxubile amahlathi libhekene kunezinxushunxushu izinqwaba amagquma, emikhulu emaweni, ivaliwe emachibini nezitsha. Wik ingxenye kuchazwe indawo emelelwa yesibili moraine emathafeni okuyinto akhiwa ngenxa zokunciphisa ebusweni enalokho kuthambekela izindawo elinamagquma. Relief ihlathi okuxubile futhi broadleaf libhekene khona isihlabathi ezahlukene usayizi emathafeni. umsuka wabo - yamanzi-glacial. Sinenkosi waviness, kwesinye isikhathi kutholakale liphinyiselwe zesihlabathi.

amahlathi coniferous-lezihlahla we Russian Plain

Le ndawo itholakala esipholile sezulu zone. Isimo sezulu kuqhathaniswa omnene futhi kunomswakama. Umhlabathi lezi izindawo wapheka-podzolic. Budebuduze Atlantic Ocean kwaholela nesimo sendawo. Inethiwekhi emfuleni emahlathini coniferous kanye lezihlahla is kahle. Amadamu libhekene endaweni enkulu.

Umsebenzi kubangelwa inqubo eutrophication ukusondela komhlaba futhi kunomswakama. Ovelele kule izitshalo utshani ikhava abe ububanzi leaf izindwani.

isiphetho

Okubanzi enezicabha amahlathi endaweni enkulu yeYurophu, ohlwini zezindawo ezisengcupheni yokushabalala. Futhi emva ezimbili noma ezintathu edlule, base omunye onhlobonhlobo emhlabeni futhi etholakala ingxenye enkulu yeYurophu. Ngakho, ekhulwini nesithupha-nesishiyagalombili athatha indawo amahektheli esinabantu abayizigidi eziningana. Namuhla, awayona ngaphezulu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu amahektha.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili bathinteka babe izinsalela esidlule olubanzi ibhande broadleaved kuphela. Ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka kwi izindawo ezingenalutho Uzame sikhule oki. Nokho, lokhu kwaba nzima ngempela: kokufa abasha Dubrov lezixuku ukuthi moya isomiso njalo. Nakuba ucwaningo sezenziwe, okwaholela isazi sokuma komhlaba esiphambili abadumile Russian Dokuchaev. Ngenxa yalokho, kwatholakala ukuthi ukwehluleka sikhule izihlahla ezintsha ezihlobene nokusebenzelana emikhulu kwamahlathi, njengoba kuze kube phakade washintsha umbuso kwamanzi kanye sezulu zensimu.

Kuze kube manje, ezindaweni ngaphambili elalihlala amahlathi lezihlahla, amahlathi yesibili zikhule, kanye emasimini yokufakelwa. Enqoba AmaConifers. Ngeshwa, njengoba ochwepheshe uqaphele, Dynamics kanye nesakhiwo amahlathi-oak zemvelo azikwazi ukutholakala.