Incwadi Gogol ukuze Belinsky: isifinyezo, ukuhlaziywa

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka angu elilodwa nesigamu abafundile zomphakathi Russian ehilelekile ovulekile, ukunyakaza lamakhomanisi, kanye nenzalo kokuhlola impikiswano adumile phakathi V G. Belinskim noN V Gogolem, makudle i-agumenti yokuqala.

kwemibhalo

Ngemva 1917, impikiswano alaba bantu omkhulu kwahlanganiswa jikelele imfundo izifundo. Nokho, izincwadi yayibizwa echazwe kuphela umbono zikhuthazwe Belinskiy V G. Encwadi Gogol kubonakala ngesimo sakhe sengqondo ngokoqobo kubonisa ubumbano imicabango yakhe imibono ovulekile-yeningi. UNikolai esifanayo sisebenza Ababesadla ngoludala. Ngo Gogol sazi Russia wamavukelambuso wayengeyena nje hhayi ezidingekayo, kodwa ngisho nelimazayo. Zonke izahlulelo eyaphuma kuye, kwathiwa Kusolwa esimweni engcono, ukuze ahumushe, ngaleyo ndlela ekushintsheni ngaphesheya ukuqashelwa. Sekungamashumi eminyaka INcwadi Yonyaka esemthethweni etemibhalo Gogol libhekene ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela. Wenza njengoba nomcwaningi "umphakathi ayephila kuso." Izibalo zikhombe njengendlela umlobi omsebenzi wakhe uhlose kuphela ukuze ubonise izici ezingezinhle ekhona wobunxiwankulu umninindlu zomhlaba, anti-abantu ubunjalo autocracy. Abe nesidingo sezinto ezingokomoya UNikolai wasala ithunzi.

isizathu sengxabano

December 31, 1846 kwafika ukushicilelwa encwadini Gogol. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "Amavesi okhethiwe osuka Ukuxhumana ngezincwadi Abangane". cishe ngokushesha Ethukuthele eveva Belinsky wabhalela Gogol. Kuyo, ubiza incwadi "ezimbi", isola ukungazi umlobi wayo sika ngokoqobo. Umkhiqizo yagcina kuhoxiswe unaphakade kusuka kwegazi futhi ibekwe ku isitoreji simboziwe. Russian bavunyelwe ukufunda "Umhloli", "Imiphefumulo Dead", "Wii", "saseNevsky Prospect" nezinye eqanjiwe. Nokho, umlobi ngokwakhe ngokuthi "Kukhethwe Amavesi ..." Encwadini yakhe ethi kuphela abaphendula ngokunengqondo. Okwamanje, waphindela abafundi.

umbono weningi

Incwadi 1846 kubangelwe eziphambili emphakathini Russian ukucasula. Phakathi nale minyaka, abalobi amaningi aye abeka phambili ezihlukahlukene izizathu Gogol ukuze kubhalwe. Abanye baze bathi kwaba umbhali kanzima nebabayo edukisayo olahlekelwe yoqondayo kwesokudla ngokoqobo emzungezile. Abanye baba nomuzwa wokuthi incwadi ibonisa ubuthakathaka bakhe, hhayi nje njengomuntu sazi, kodwa futhi wonke umuntu. Kanti ezinye zithi Gogol bethukile iziphetho ezalandela kusuka kwamanye imisebenzi yakhe yobuciko. Okwesine ayekholelwa ukuthi incwadi yabonisa ekushintshashintsheni ngemibono nombhali, ngubani wazithola abanjwe ezeni utopias mva.

incwadi Belinsky ukuze Gogol: isifinyezo

Kukholakala ukuthi adwebe umugqa imisebenzi kwemibhalo, njengoba yayibizwa kanjalo yalotshwa ngokushesha ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe. Lenin babekholelwa ukuthi incwadi eya Gogol kwaba omunye wemisebenzi ezivelele yeningi cindezela emthethweni. Inani layo inakekelwa ngisho isikhathi eside. Ekuqaleni, le ncwadi "Kukhethwe Amavesi ..." wakhuliswa njengomKatolika banner, wahlangana impendulo omuhle yomphakathi. Nokho, wenqaba juqu Yanika ayibhalela Gogol. Yini abagxeki bathi? Ngo imigqa wakhe, wanikeza kwebalingisi abangenasihe somlobi. Zomsoli wambiza ngokuthi "umshumayeli isiswebhu, umphostoli zokungazi, iqhawe obscurantism futhi obscurantism panegyrist Tartar nokuziphatha." incwadi Belinsky ukuze Gogol, sifinyeto okuyinto Ixoxwa Petrashevzy futhi yonke imibuthano okuqhubekayo umphakathi, isisho kokuthandwayo imibono yabantu ngokumelene autocracy, serfdom. Abagxeki bathi umbhali ngaphambili bagxeka uhulumeni tsarist, bahlekwa usulu abaninimhlaba walwa emelene serfdom. umbuthano Revolutionary wathatha Gogol. Wenza lonke lelo zwe ukuhleka Plyushkin Sobakevich, umhloli jikelele, okuyinto lula ngokungangabazeki kakhulu emzabalazweni nabo. Ngomqondo inhloso, eveza serfdom. incwadi Belinsky ukuze Gogol UNikolai Vasilievich okusikhumbuza asendulo. Abagxeki bathi inhlonipho yabo futhi nokumthanda, esinjengesomuntu, is kakhulu ehlangene izwe, silokhu sikhonza njengamaphayona esikhathi omunye wabaholi endleleni inqubekela phambili. Ngemva kokudedelwa incwadi "Amavesi ekhethiwe ..." Belinsky wanika ukubuyekeza omubi kakhulu ku "Contemporary". Ngesikhathi socingo lakhe UNikolai Vasilyevich ke ayikwazanga ukuphrintwa, kodwa wathola Nokho, kwandile. Ingxenye eziphambili emphakathini ngaphandle kobunzima eqonda okushiwo incwadi ukuze Gogol. Zomsoli wayihlubuka wokushumayela 'okubi namanga ngaphansi kwesivikelo inkolo kanye isiswebhu. " Belinsky kuveziwe incwadi yesimo uNkulunkulu ukhona nokuthi abantu Russian. Ngesikhathi esifanayo walibona ngokomlando Kristu futhi imfundiso zakhe inkululeko, ubuzalwane nokulingana. Incwadi eya Gogol, Belinsky, ngamafuphi, waba Manifesto zicabangani futhi eyayilokhu Russia. "Igama ukugxekwa wayaziwa zonke omele intsha okuqhubekayo", - uthe Aksakov.

incwadi Belinsky ukuze Gogol: ukuhlaziya

udumo kakhulu okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuze nomcwaningi wanika Lenin. Nakuba uhulumeni sisukelé ukugcina wayifunda. Ngokombono agent kanye Petrashevists legatsha lwesithathu, a baxgeki akusho kwakunengqondo ngokumthanda jikelele. incwadi Belinsky sika uba lesikhumbuzo enkulu ukucabanga nomphakathi. Abagxeki bathi mayelana UNikolai Vasilievich engasesona umculi phambili, kodwa njengoba isikhulumi mva. Incwadi yakhe wakhuthaza Nikolaev autocracy, serfdom asekelwe. N. V Gogol esanikela umnikelo umninindlu, wamemezela kuye ngokuthi "nguyise wabo abalimi", waveza isidingo nokumlalela. Le nqaba wabiza "empumulweni ezingcolile." Umnikazi Gogol wafundisa ngaphezulu Ukusizakala zabasebenzi ongumlimi, ukushaya kube ngukulalela kaFaro nasemehlweni ezinceku zakhe, ukukhishwa isiko lasendulo. Konke lokhu kwaholela ukugxeka. Belinsky ukuthi insindiso waseRussia alikho ukuzila, nezimfihlakalo futhi pietism, futhi impumelelo lwesintu, imfundo nempucuko. Yena sebekubeke kuqhathaniswa izintshumayelo obiza Awakening ukuzethemba kwabantu, okwaphela amakhulu eminyaka wanyathelwa e ukungcola nokungcola. Encwadini ayibhalela Gogol Belinsky umbhali waveza iphutha maqondana ngokoqobo. Abagxeki bathi umphakathi tando cha thethelela nandaba enjalo nenkululeko, okwakubekelwa sivezwa encwadini. Ukukhuluma ngokumelene serfdom, Belinsky ngokukhazimulayo ovuthayo zonke ngokuthotshiswa kwakhe. Ngemva kokufunda "Amavesi ekhethiwe ...", nomcwaningi umxhwele izinguquko ezenzeke ingqondo kombhali. Muva nje, kusukela usiba lwayo kwafika 'Umhloli "futhi" Imiphefumulo Dead ", ezilahla umninindlu uhlelo, badlala ngaye. Mangisho ukuthi ngesikhathi ukuloba incwadi yakhe Gogol wahlala phesheya. Lokhu kungesinye agumenti e-mbisana nokugxekwa. Belinsky ukuthi awukwazi, wena kude ezweni, ukuba baqonde isimo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umhlaziyi, enethemba lokuthi zonke lezi imicabango yomlobi babe kuwumphumela wabo, abakhuthaze ukuba ukudala umsebenzi counterweight, okwakuyoholela iwukudambisa umphumela incwadi yakhe.

imiyalezo amanothi

Belinsky umxhwele amazwi Gogol mayelana lusizo ngisho harmfulness ka kokuqiniswa abantu abavamile. amazwi UNikolai ukuthi mhlawumbe incwadi yakhe - edukisayo, categorically wamlahla. Belinsky ukuthi umugqa enjalo yokucabanga eRussia Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, a baxgeki ukhombe yokuntuleka iyiphi intelligence ithalente emsebenzini. Uthi akusiyo nganoma iyiphi indlela ukwamukeleka adalwa kuye ngaphambili lezo zidalwa. Isiphetho sokuthi le ncwadi isithelo nokugula ngengqondo Gogol, Belinsky uyayilahla kakhulu. Uyachaza lokhu ngenxa yokuthi sokubhala le ndaba kwakulindeleke kwenziwe ngaphezu kosuku noma ezimbili, futhi mhlawumbe iminyaka.

Phendula UNikolai

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, nomcwaningi yashicilela isihloko mayelana incwadi entsha "Amavesi ekhethiwe ..." ku "Contemporary". Ukuziphindiselela ngakuwo, Gogol wabhalela Belinsky. Kuyo uthi ukugxekwa incwadi yakhe, cishe kubangelwa ubuhlobo obuhle phakathi kwabantu. Khonamanjalo Belinsky wagula. Ukuhlala e-Russia, akakwazanga ukuphendula UNikolai Vasilyevich, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi isinyathelo ngokuqinile zazihlolwa. Kodwa ukugula kwamphoqa ukuya phesheya. Kusukela lapho-ke wathumela impendulo uthukuthele.

Incwadi Gogol ukuze Belinsky wathunyelwa ngo-August 10. Kuleyo ncwadi umlobi washaqeka kakhulu ukuphendula umphakathi kuya encwadini yakhe. Uthi ayeyitholile izibuyekezo mayelana 50 bonke babe ezahlukene. UNikolai uyaqaphela ukuthi, eqinisweni, isimo ayiqondakali kahle. Nokho, incwadi Gogol ukuze Belinsky ubizwe ukuphenduka "Amavesi ekhethiwe ...". Ngaphezu kwalokho, singasho ukuthi akazange aqaphele iphutha imibono yakhe, okutholakele, amazwi kanye nemibono. He yodwa uthi kufanele eze lapho isibuyele eRussia, futhi bheka futhi ukuthola zonke kuyo. Le ncwadi yokugcina Gogol ukuba Belinsky kubonisa zokungazimiseli nombhali ukudala into entsha, phambi akazange ukuvakashela izwe. ngaleyo ndlela Umbhali ukholelwa ukuthi ngisho nalabo abantu abangekho eRussia, abakwazi ukuqonda ngokugcwele sonke isimo. Ukuphendukela Vissarionu Grigorevichu, uveza ukuthi yena neqembu lakhe futhi Ngeke wazi izinto eziningi ukuthi baziwa kuye. Ngakho, ukuqonda ngokugcwele izizathu kungani ukudala "Amavesi ekhethiwe ...", akukwazi. incwadi Gogol ukuze Belinsky alikukhuthazi lutho, akukho ndawo ubiza. UNikolai ezama ukuchaza ezinye izinto ezivelile ngandlela-thile ukuchaza isimo ebusweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uyazi ukuthi, cishe, amazwi akhe ayoba asasebenza-mbisana nokugxekwa.

incwadi Gogol ukuze Belinsky ibonisa isimo umlobi. Yena lekile futhi cishe libhujiswa baxgeki. imibuthano Progressive wahlangana ethukuthele yomsebenzi wakhe, kodwa la mazwi ngomdlandla: ukuxoxa impendulo G. Vissarion. Naphezu ukwesekwa olunikezwa incwadi uhulumeni wakhe, Gogol akazange sithola ukwaneliseka lapho abebelindele ngayo. Ukuphendula yayo okubikwe ngalo akubonisi izizathu yangempela ukuthi utshelwa ukuba alobe incwadi. Incwadi Gogol ukuze Belinsky kubonakala usongene kanye esilufifi, uma kuqhathaniswa nabangu-umlayezo ukugxeka. Nokho, kuyaqapheleka ukuthi kakhulu igxile ngokwabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uveza Belinsky ukuthi naye 'bahlakazeka. " Uthi nomcwaningi engayinaki isidingo ukwazi konke uyazi yena ukuqonda izisusa nemicabango yakhe. incwadi Gogol ukuze Belinsky 1847 imikhawulo isifiso impilo. UNikolai Vissarionu Grigorevichu isikhumbuza ukuthi kuphela ukungabi khona kwezifo kungase kube nengqondo libhekele izimo kunoma yimuphi umkhakha.

okutholakele

Gogol Belinsky waveza ukuthi ngaphandle isuka eRussia, isimo sibonakala ukuba sijabule ngempela. Nokho, ngeke kube eduze enhle kangaka. Gogol uyavuma-ke. Nokho, kanye lokhu, uthi nomcwaningi yena izinto eziningi ngeke ukwazi. Kodwa, ngokungafani Belinsky, Gogol kubonisa ukuthi ukulungele ukuba bavume amaphutha abo futhi usebenze kuzo. Kulokhu, isifiso esifanayo angakuboni nomcwaningi, okuyinto Yiqiniso, kuba kungakhungathekisa kakhulu. Uthi eRussia embundwini izenzakalo ezinkulu ezidinga abantu ukubuka ukuphila kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, ungagijimi netindzima letehlukene baphulukundlela bangena ukuvukela uMbuso. Mhlawumbe Gogol ngempela wathonywa izimfundiso zenkolo. Umbono anakho, wathumela imicabango yakhe eyayiqondiswe ku autocracy. Wakhuluma uxhumano esingokomoya sabantu kanye nenkosi, isidingo sokulondoloza bese uqhubeke. Lokhu kuphikisana ngokucijile ngemibono ukuthi ababemlandele ngaphambili. Nokho, ngenxa yayo Belinsky yaphendula ukuthi ukulahla imicabango yabo, + Akahlosile. He is ukulungele ahlolisise kuphela eRussia kanye eziyimbangela khona. Kodwa-ke kungenzeka, kwakudingekile ukuba isiqinisekiso naye nakakhulu imibono yakhe.

abasebenzi Ukuxhumana

Belinsky futhi Gogol bengabahlobo kanye ezinhle nabasekeli imibono. Okokuqala, njengoba umhlaziyi, ngafaka phambili izimfuno kahulumeni eqinile kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe, ngiphikelela nezidingo ophuthumayo uquqaba ongumlimi, ababe ngaphansi kwejoka serfdom. Phakathi izimpikiswano kunazo ukuphokophela besikhathi sethu, naye okuthiwa ashiwo ukwesulwa izinhlawulo, ukwethulwa kwesandla esiqinile kubantu abaphula imithetho ekhona. Ngakho, imfuneko esemqoka kwaba lokuketula simiso serfdom. Gogol yena, njengoba umlobi kwakungomunye ngufakazi bamazwe, izikhulu autocracy. Kuyinto kule ukubukwa yafinyelela balaba bantu. Belinsky, ukhanyisa isikhundla ezilulazayo of abalimi, wabhala ukuthi iRussia iba izwe ezimbi, okuyinto kwebantfu. In the state kwakungekho eziqinisekisiwe impahla, nodumo ubuntu, kodwa futhi oda amaphoyisa hhayi kuphela. Umsebenzi oyinhloko Belinsky owabona ukubhujiswa serfdom. umsebenzi Literary, ngokombono wakhe, kwaba umhlahlandlela abantu. Njengoba umlobi, wabona abaholi wombuso omusha. Phakathi waziphatha ngenhlonipho enkulu uthando, futhi Belinsky, namanye amalungu womphakathi eziphambili wajabulela Gogol. Kodwa, ukuba size siye kwamanye amazwe, wanyathelisa incwadi ukuthi agumbuqele zonke lwemibono ngaye.

isiphetho

Ukuphendula sokugxekwa, Gogol akubangi agumenti ukuze zihambelane nabo. He yodwa ithi amaqiniso ayisisekelo. Cha, encwadini yakhe isifiso ukuthuthukisa, "bacabanga futhi", ukuxolisa, phela phambi komphakathi. incwadi Wayengakhathalele ngesikhathi neyaziwayo imikhakha eziphambili emphakathini. Kwaba ngenxa ikakhulukazi yokuthi abantu baye enezimpande ngokujulile isifiso sokuba nezinto eziningi ezintsha, ukuphila khulula loniketa autocracy ayikwazanga.