Theory kahulumeni wasekhaya: etafuleni. Kokufaneleka kanye demerits zinkolelo-mbono ezicatshangelwayo zohulumeni basekhaya. khulula umphakathi imfundiso yokuziphendukela lohulumeni basekhaya. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwenza kahulumeni wasekhaya

nezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene zohulumeni basekhaya - iqoqo imibono, ngawo bamchazela Iinhlangano kwabomasipala. Lezi eyala kwavela njengendlela ucwaningo igcile elwatini zamakhulu eminyaka nakho zomlando lesintu. Kunemibono eminingana ezinjalo. Yehluka nomunye - ezinye kancane, abanye kakhulu.

Umlando nesenzakalo zokuzibusa

izinhlelo Wanamuhla ohulumeni kamasipala emazweni amaningi ase-Europe, i-US ne-Japan Kwamiswa ngemva izinguquko kwekhulu XIX. Nokho, abawandulela bangenkathi - umphakathi kanye nentando yeningi Polis - kwavela ezikhathini zasendulo.

Igama elithi "umasipala" ubonakele eRoma yasendulo, lapho yayikhona uhlelo republic. Ngakho ngokuthi yokuphathwa komphakathi ezisemadolobheni, okwakuthatha phezu ngokwayo isibopho ukuxazulula izinkinga zomnotho (kuhlanganise ukwabiwa kwezimali kusukela izintela). Esikhathini isiko wamanje ngamazwe kamasipala angase abe ngisho nasemaphandleni zokuhlala.

Imfundiso yokuqala kuhulumeni wasekhaya eladabuka Republic wamaRoma. Okokuqala, idolobha elincane elingaseMfuleni i-Tiber ephila ngokuvumelana izinqumo lwekhanda isimo ngqo. Nokho, umthelela kanye nobukhulu eRoma lakhula. Yuliy Tsezar e 45 BC. e. Nganquma anikeze abanye amandla ayo neziphathimandla zendawo. Ngokuvamile, ukuchitha izinyanga impi ezifundazweni ezikude, sasingekho isikhathi ukuba sibhekane nezinkinga zomnotho yenhloko-dolobha.

Endaweni ukuzibusa umphakathi khulula

Kukhona izimfuneko ezithile ukuthi imibono ehlukene kahulumeni wasekhaya. Ungakhetha ezibaluleke kakhulu ayingqalasizinda lezi: kanjani ukwakha izikhungo, inani kanye nohlobo ethile ye izimo, kanye nobudlelwano aphakeme isimo igunya.

esikoleni German yesayensi, esekelwe ukuhlaziywa kulezi zici, zavela imfundiso yokuziphendukela umphakathi khulula. Abasunguli be-mbono - abacwaningi Ahrens, Gerber, Meyer, Ressler futhi Laband. Isimiso esikhulu, okuyinto bagubha, kwakuwukuthi umphakathi unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa ngokuzimela ukuphatha iindaba zabo. Le yunithi elincane emphakathini kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuba isimo sisonke. Ngakho-ke, uhulumeni kufanele ahloniphe izithakazelo kamasipala.

Mahhala umphakathi imfundiso yokuziphendukela lohulumeni basekhaya sekukhona njengempendulo komnotho, okuyinto kwaba umphumela nokuwubuwula ukuphathwa isimo izikhulu. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo olusha ukuthi kwavela eJalimane ngekhulu XIX, kwaba ngaphansi enengqondo kunazo, ngenxa angenanhlonipho, inkolelo.

komasipala izimiso ukusebenza

Nokho, abalandeli imfundiso entsha kwakudingekile ukuba zizibonakalise wakhe, futhi kusukela iphuzu theory umbono. Njengoba ososayensi German wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi umphakathi abafike ngaphambi isimo, futhi ngalokho, iyimbangela. Okungukuthi, ilungelo ukuzibusa kuphakama kusukela kakhulu ubunjalo umphakathi wesintu.

Ekhulwini XIX eJalimane kwakungelona isimo enobunye. It lahlukaniswa laba principalities eziningi nemibuso, izinduna Ephakathi eyenziwe uhlelo. khulula umphakathi imfundiso yokuziphendukela lohulumeni basekhaya wahosha sibonelo sakudala kusukela republic idolobha-German. Ayakujabulela ukuqonywa ukuzimela ngokusebenzisa ukuhweba inzuzo nomakhelwane babo. Inhlalakahle abahlala kula madolobha wayemude kakhulu kwesilinganiso kazwelonke. Abagqugquzeli imfundiso yokuziphendukela lohulumeni basekhaya ncisheka cited bonakaliso hle isibonelo Ephakathi.

Ngakho kwathiwa washayelwa izimiso eziningi lapho izakhamizi zikamasipala nabaphilayo. Okokuqala, kungenxa ukukhethwa kwamalunga we kuhulumeni wasekhaya. Ilungelo lokuvota ngaphansi uhlelo elinjalo unesizathu ilungu lomphakathi. Okwesibili, zonke izimo, okuyinto ophethe umasipala, zihlukaniswe amaqembu ezimbili eziyinhloko. Lokhu iziqondiso ezinikezwa kuhulumeni, futhi izinkinga zabo siqu ingaxazululwa ngokuthi uhulumeni wendawo.

Okwesithathu, isimo alinalo ilungelo aphazamise izinqumo ezithathwe ngumasipala. It kuphela idinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umphakathi akavele ngale kwalokho enekhono lakho.

Isicelo zibhalwe ngenkolelo yokuziphendukela umphakathi khulula

Okungenhla ngebuhle nebubi mbono lohulumeni basekhaya ngenkuthalo okuxoxwe ngazo umphakathi European Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XIX. Esikhathini-yalolucwaningo 1830-1840. Ezinye zalezi zimiso seyemukeliwe kule nomthetho waseBelgium. I nomthethosisekelo walelizwe okokuqala abaphathi bakaMasipala aqaphele amandla "lesine" belingana yesigungu, imithetho kanye zokwahlulela. Lo mcimbi kwaba intuthuko lonke amafilosofi we kuhulumeni wasekhaya. Ngisho emphakathini wanamuhla, mqondo ye "amandla lesine" is akumelanga livikeleke emazweni amaningi. Ngakho-ke, izinguquko ezinjalo kuhlaba umxhwele ngokukhethekile engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XIX.

Nokho, ekupheleni kwalelo khulu leminyaka, a khulula theory umphakathi untenable. Kungani lokhu kwenzeka? Elikhulu amayunithi indawo babe federated ngokwemvelo, okusho ukuthi sincike isikhungo. Esimweni esinjalo kwakunzima kakhulu ukufakazela ukuzijamela omphakathi.

theory kwezenhlalo

Lapho khulula theory umphakathi wahlala esikhathini esidlule, endaweni yayo kwaba entsha, okuyinto waziwa ngokuthi yezenhlalakahle noma kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho. Uyini umehluko hlangana neembono ezimbili? Ngaphambili kwakucatshangwa ukuthi amalungelo umasipala babe yemvelo kanye inalienable. Abasekeli theory kwezenhlalo wabheka ehlukile ngalesi into. Ngokusho umqondo wemfundiso yabo, amalungelo okusukela imisebenzi yezomnotho kumasipala. Futhi nokuthi wayezoba kube into eza kuqala.

Imfundiso kwezomnotho kahulumeni wasekhaya neyaziwayo isihloko umphakathi ukuze umthetho, ngaphandle isimo. Ukhiye kwaba umsebenzi uhlamvu kamasipala wakhe. Uhulumeni kwadingeka anqume kuphela izindaba isimo. mbono eziningi zohulumeni basekhaya, kanye nomphakathi, esekelwe yokuthi umphakathi wafakwa naphezu kwamandla onke umshini emaphakathi. Abasekeli Umqondo wokuba nenkululeko zomasipala delineates ngokucacile amandla phakathi izinhlelo ezimbili.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi imfundiso yomphakathi kahulumeni wasekhaya has nezihibe. Baqamba amanga eqinisweni lokuthi komasipala axutshwa nezinkolelo amachibi yangasese, okuyinto ukuthi uyabandakanyeka imisebenzi yezomnotho. Uma abantu babambisane isinyathelo yayo, isibonelo, wokulima umhlabathi, bangase bakhethe ukushiya leli qembu. amayunithi Wendawo (ie komasipala) kuhlakazwe ku bangakuqinisa siqu cha. Basuke ngokuqinile kungagcini ngumthetho. imingcele yabo futhi Sakhiwo sangekhatsi, kumnyama noma kubomvu, kuncike esimweni.

eRussia

Isibonelo isicelo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela yomphakathi kahulumeni wasekhaya ingatholakala emlandweni waleli zwe. Ngo 1860 uMbusi u-Alexander II labetibambile kwekuhlela kabusha yakhe edumile. Okokuqala ekhulula serfs. Lokhu kakhulu wagumbuqela isakhiwo somphakathi yesifundazwe, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya.

Ukuze ongumlimi kabusha balandela zemskaja. Kwakufana nje izinguquko ezikhona kuhulumeni wasekhaya. WeMithethonqubo izikhungo zemstvo e 1864 kugcizelelwe ngamabomu iqiniso lokuthi kwezomnotho zemstvos umsebenzi yayikhona ngokwehlukile izinqumo zokuphatha kwamandla.

On kabusha kamasipala ebhaliwe Slavophile abamaphephandaba. Ngokwesibonelo, Basil Leshkov babekholelwa ukuthi ukuzimela umphakathi kusuka isimo babevela isiko eminyaka ubudala Russian kwakukhona ezikhathini kwesikhulu.

Ephapheme futhi nezimo ukuzibusa wayephikisa ubushiqela nokungabi kancane. izinqumo "Phezulu" isimo njalo wenza. Esemthethweni ukuhambisana kuphela oda wamupha yinhloko. Okunjalo sengqondo esingenandaba kanye nokuntuleka umthwalo bakahulumeni wehlukile umsebenzi Zemstvos. Umasipala wanika bendawo ithuluzi nokuqalisa izinhlelo zabo. umkhandlu wesifunda - yindlela enhle yokwakha umnotho futhi kwenze kube kusebenze kakhulu.

Izinguquko ezenziwa u-Alexander II emoyeni theory uhulumeni yomphakathi, umzalele izithelo eminyakeni embalwa. Isekelwe umnotho entsha kanye namabhizinisi. Esifundazweni imali agelezé ngokusebenzisa ukuhweba. Zemstva babe imvubelo, futhi lokho kwenza capitalism isiRashiya, wenza Russian Empire omunye umnotho ngobukhulu emhlabeni.

ithiyori isimo

Ngesikhathi esifanayo (ngekhulu XIX) theory jikelele liye wagxeka, ashiye tikhala. izimbangi zawo ungathandi yokuthi umasipala ahlukene kuhulumeni. Phakathi kwalezi ongqondongqondo sekukhona isimo theory zohulumeni basekhaya. Ukudla kwalo main ezakhiwa abacwaningi German Lorenz von Stein futhi Rudolf Rudolf von Gneist. "Statists" wahlala eRussia, lapho imibono enjalo yayithandwa njengengxenye uhlelo olandelanayo, hhayi walithanda liberalism alien. Lo mbono yasungulwa zangaphambi wamavukelambuso inkathi abameli UNikolai Lazarev, Aleksandru uVladimir Gradovsky ihlazo.

Bona nabasekeli babo babekholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni wasekhaya unamakhono lwemisuka nge kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo, yingakho-ke kwakudingekile ukuba ugcine omasipala zikahulumeni kohlelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izikhulu ayikwazanga ukusebenza kule zemstvos nezikhungo efanayo. Bekufanele kuphela zivela emphakathini wendawo abanentshisekelo ephezulu ukusebenza emihlanganweni kamasipala. Umshini isimo mkhulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuphatha ngempumelelo, isibonelo, ne imisebenzi yasendlini. Ngakho yena ngeke anikeze abanye amandla ayo zemstvos.

imibono yezombangazwe futhi zomthetho

Abasunguli be-isimo theory Lorenz von Stein futhi Rudolf Gneyst ayehlukile ngesimo sawo iziphakamiso eziningana ezibalulekile. Ngakho-ke, njengencenye yama-imfundiso yabo jikelele uvele izinkomba ezimbili ezihlukene. Rudolf von Gneist baba ungumdali imibono yezombangazwe futhi Stein athuthukile zomthetho. Uyini umehluko? Rudolf von Gneist wawuthi uma kukhethwa wendawo ukuzibusa akuqinisekisi ukuzimela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uma umuntu uya somphakathi, uba sincike iziphathimandla ngenxa yokuphathwa iholo. Lokho, abameleli olusemthethweni akhethwe umasipala, akuyona sibalo ezimele. Izinqumo zakhe kungathinta kuhulumeni. Ngu lokhu okubonakala kuholela izici isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba ukwenza kwalabo abamele iqembu bebodwa? Rudolf von Gneist okunikelwe kabusha izikhundla zabo bezvozmednye. Lokhu kuyonika amalungu umasipala lokukhululeka igunya, ngoba lezi zindikimba babefika abantu kuphela khona ngokusuka kubo nezinkolelo. Rudolf von Gneist ayekholelwa ukuthi lezi izikhundla kwatlhogeka bona enze abameleli ohloniphekile emphakathini wendawo. Nokho, umbono wakhe uye ayitholakalanga nabo basekela kakhulu.

Lorenz von Stein washayelwa omunye umqondo, owawungumnyaka theory zomthetho kahulumeni wasekhaya. ihluke kanjani kusukela nekucabangela abuye Rudolf von Gneist abasekeli bakhe abambalwa? Stein wacabanga ukuthi omasipala kufanele khona eceleni kuhulumeni. Izihambeli isimo ingxenye amandla ayo kuwo. Ngakho-ke, ohulumeni basekhaya ukuxazulula ezinye imisebenzi yokuphatha ngaphandle kokuba yingxenye umshini bureaucratic. Lawa theory isimo ohulumeni basekhaya. Ithebula ubonisa izici kubo.

kwenza

Ngokuthakazelisayo, imfundiso yesimanje kahulumeni wasekhaya zihlanganisa izakhi eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma kwavela ngekhulu XIX. Ososayensi ukucacisa komasipala wamanje, njengobe atsandza imitimba usabalalise ngaphakathi kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo. Zikhona nezinye izincazelo. Ngokwesibonelo, eDenmark, uhulumeni wendawo ebizwa nge- "isimo phakathi isimo."

uhlelo ezinjalo of ubudlelwano phakathi iziphathimandla kanye nomasipala ibonisa isimiso ezimbili imisebenzi enjalo. Kuyinto lunqume ohlelweni enkolelweni "inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwenza zohulumeni basekhaya."

Isimiso esiyinhloko kuba nokucabanga elandelayo. Uma amalunga akhethwe ekwenzeni imisebenzi isimo, nabo ngokwabo yingxenye umshini isimo. Kulokhu, kohulumeni basekhaya ukuthi musa kuthinte izinkinga zokuphatha, ayizwakali futhi engenamsebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuxazulula izinkinga zomnotho, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa edolobheni, kunzima kakhulu ukuba isabelomali. Ngakho-ke, omasipala ngokwemvelo bafakwe isimo, ukuze babe nomthelela izindaba zamanje zensimu zona banesibopho.

Modern yasekhaya ukuzibusa

Kuhlelo yesimanje Russian kwabomasipala nethonya enkulu nje imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwenza zohulumeni basekhaya. Lobu buhlobo kubonakala eqinisweni lokuthi izidumbu akhethwe umsebenzi kokubili umphakathi futhi ngesisekelo uhulumeni eduze okwakuthandelene nomunye.

Uma kuyindaba impikiswano yendawo, omasipala basekhaya bangathembela ukuzimela yayo kusukela maphakathi. Yisinqumo sabo uzobe ngokuyinhloko usekelwe emisebenzini yasemahhovisi umbono "kusukela ngezansi", ngoba ngale ndlela alawule ukuphila ezisemadolobheni kakhulu ngempumelelo. Nokho, lapho iziphathimandla zendawo cabanga amaphrojekthi okuhlobene lwenqubomgomo yomphakathi, baba ihlangana ne kuhulumeni futhi iyavumelana isikhundla salo. uhlelo okunjalo kwaba umphumela ebucayini mutual phakathi kwezikhungo ezahlukene zomphakathi. It kubonakala ewonke noma ezimbili theory esikabili zohulumeni basekhaya.

Uma ushayele komasipala kuphela into yomphakathi, la mazwi kanti kwakungekho lutho ngaphezu isimemezelo elikhulu. emizimbeni yanamuhla akhethwe ezingeni lesifundazwe e ngandlela-thile kufanele basebenzisane isimo ukusiza ngempumelelo abantu ukuba baphile abangcono futhi abajabula kakhulu. Futhi lesi simo akusona Russia kuphela.