ISigungu esiphethe umbuso waseRoma Republic

Ngemva kwehlule kobushiqela azikhukhumeze Tarquinius Superbus eRoma wamisa uhulumeni republic. (. 509 - 27 BC) Roman Republic owawuse ngezigaba ezimbili emlandweni walo: okubizwa ngokuthi ekuqaleni (509-265 BC.) Futhi ngasekupheleni (264-27 BC). i-republic. Ngesikhathi lasungulwa eRoma ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo izinguquko ezinkulu kwezenhlalo.

Uhlelo isimo waseRoma basendulo bale nkathi ihlanganisa izici ahlukile futhi yeningi. Amalungelo yezikhulu kwakungekaNkulunkulu - slaveholders ocebile elite.

Standing eRoma ayengabangane kuphela labo bakhululekile, umndeni nokuhlala khona. Yonke labantu lahlukaniswa laba khulula nenceku. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka, esikhundleni salokho, zaba amaqembu ekilasini ezimbili: phezulu ocebile incekukazi abanikazi nabakhiqizi yabadobi (abalimi nabakhandi, eyakhelene futhi abampofu basemadolobheni). Izigqila akahulumeni noma nabantu nje.

Roman Republic wawenta isigaba esiyinhloko esizakala ngawo. imithombo Ubugqila athathwa nabantu abathunjwe empini, kanye ekuqaleni ukuzijayeza samoprodazha. Amandla abanikazi nezigqila ezingamaKristu kwakudingeka ayikho imikhawulo.

Ngu ubuzwe bonke labantu khulula weRiphabhulikhi lahlukaniswa laba izakhamuzi futhi peregrine (bakwamanye amazwe). Izakhamizi sibe izigqila futhi freedmen, kodwa ayelinganiselwe amalungelo abo.

Ngemva II -II e. BC noma isiphi isigaba nelungelo - lawa kwakungamadodana ezicukuthwaneni (patricians abacebile plebs ithiphu) nabagibeli (temabhizinisi zezimali azi abaninimhlaba). Ukuze bahlanganyele inhlangano, kanye ubamba gosdolzhnosti ayengakwenza umninikhaya kuphela - inhloko imindeni.

isimiso sezombangazwe weRiphabhulikhi waseRoma kwakuyiyona ngakho. The esiphezulu zikahulumeni okulandelako: Senate congresses abantu futhi iziqu. Lomhlangano Yabantu zazenziwe ezintathu izinhlobo: centuriata, tributa futhi kuriatnye. Iqhaza main kukhala nangemihlangano yebandla centuriata. Ngu phakathi III. BC isakhiwo LoMhlangano ishintshile. Baye kakade ayetfulekanga kuphela aristocrats futhi enezigqila futhi ngayinye ibhithi izakhamuzi abacebile waqala ukubonisa inani elifanayo eminyaka. Ngo kwenkululeko ikhono lakhe ukwamukelwa kwemithetho, sempi, izikhalazo imisho ukufa.

Ukubaluleka ku setepolitiki ukuphila eyadlalwa iSigele. Nakuba ngokusemthethweni kwaba isigungu esibunjwe, kodwa kwamandla nemisebenzi yayo kwakungamadodana zezimali, yokushaya imithetho ka lenkolo, ukudweba, ukuphepha komphakathi kanye nomgomo wezangaphandle.

Ihhovisi Public nabizelwa magistracy. Ayehlukaniswe ku evamile (avamile) okuthunyelwe abameleli, censors, bamabutho quaestors, njll futhi okungavamile (okungavamile) wadala phakathi kwezimo eziphuthumayo: izimpi njll yokuvukela Ngokwe-United States, siyoqoka bomashiqela.

ISigungu esiphethe umbuso waseRoma Republic yayisekelwe ibutho, okuyinto wadlala indima ebalulekile ikakhulukazi ukuphila isimo. Ngaleso sikhathi inqubomgomo angaphandle ukuthi esibonakala ngezimpi cishe okuqhubekayo. Kube bashukwa iCarthage ngoba kwelifa loonyana Western LwaseMedithera (eminyakeni engaba ngu-120, kusuka 264 BC kuya 146 BC, yathatha ZabaseCarthage Izimpi). Futhi ngalesi sikhathi akhawunti impi neSiriya naseMakedoniya. Ngu 146 BC Roman Republic esungulwe umbuso wakhona phezu kolwandle iMedithera.

Ekukhuleni komphakathi yisigqila izikhathi weRiphabhulikhi kwaholela ekubeni okubi kakhulu eziphikisanayo wakhe nomphakathi kanye ekilasini. Ngo II. BC. e. Inkinga kwabheduka Polis inhlangano.

Ukuwa republic ubephelezelwa izenzakalo ezifana ezimbili Sicilia inceku ukuvukela futhi iphansi kwesandla sika-uSpartacus (74-70 gg.do BC), zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi kwabanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu kanye nezincane, ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso we plebs yasemakhaya eholwa abazalwane Gracchi, le Allied impi obscheitaliyskim ukuvukelwa amandla eRoma, okwaphela ne ukusungulwa ubushiqela of Sulla, bese - kaKhesari.