Ivan Fyodorov: Biography of ukuphila kwakhe, izithombe

Incwadi yokuqala amaphrinta eRussia wazala igama Moskovitin. Unhlaba seyaziwa ngokuthi Ivan Fedorov. Biography of ngale ndoda ephawulekayo egcwele yezenzakalo nokuvakasha, zazo kubalulekile ukugqamisa imininingwane ebaluleke kakhulu. Lezi izifushaniso emfushane wokuphila umuntu omkhulu waba isisekelo sezinguqulo ukudalwa amabhuku ngesihloko esithi "U-Ivan Fedorov biography izingane." Biography yale ndoda kuyoba ezithakazelisayo kunoma ubani abanesifiso elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo isiRashiya, ngokuyinhloko abafundi abangabeZizwe abasha. Biography Ivan Fedorov izingane kufanele ubheke amaphuzu eyinhloko yomsebenzi wakhe njengomphostoli umhlobo angenele inkonzo yamaphayona. Ngempela, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-isiRashiya akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ngaphandle yezicathulo. Futhi igama umsunguli yencwadi Russian - U-Ivan Fedorov.

i-curriculum vitae

iminyaka yokuphila iphayona - 1510-1583. Usuku olunembile ukuzalwa Ivan Moskovitina engaziwa. Igama lakhe cishe akuzange kwenzeke igama umndeni endaweni lokuzalwa. Ngesikhathi Russ wayebizwa ngokuthi ubukhulu elincane, ngokwendawo eyabelwe Rzeczpospolita. Umbuso omkhulu endaweni esenyakatho yesimanje Russia ngekhulu le-16 ayaziwa izifiki Muscovy.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi umuntu afe esemncane, u-Ivan wayihamba futhi wafundelwa emanyuvesi European. BaseYurophu Literacy wamshaya Ivan Moskvitina - ngenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi encwadini ethi ephrintiwe yaziwa sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu eYurophu. Ezemfundo ezingeni ngezinye izikhathi kwahluka khona kulokho ayewubonile ekhaya Ivan Fedorov. Biography ngeke ibe ephelele ngaphandle izindaba ngalokho okuvelayo lenzé Europe.

Indlu ukuphrinta lokuqala

Kuvele biography ezithakazelisayo Ivana Fedorova izingane kufanele lokuphekiwe endaweni yendlu wokuqala wokunyathelisa, elalisendaweni ensimini ka ezweni lethu. Ishabhu lokuqala typographic lavulwa ngo eMoscow. imisebenti yayo kakhulu exhumene ne igama womnikazi wayo eyazibiza Ivan Fedorov. Umlando Omfushane lo muntu ubonisa ukuthi lokhu kuyinto enhle akazange aqale eyodwa, futhi kanye typographer nomngane wakhe, ogama lakhe lalingu-Petr Timofeevich Mstislavtsev. Ngokusho isimemezelo Tsar Ivan le Kubi, ababenyathelisa zavezwa izincwadi zenkolo. Lubhekele wokunyathelisa inkosi sika waqokwa Ivan Fedorov. Umlando Omfushane izingane kungase kubonise ukuthi iphrinta kuqala kwaba wayo yonke imisebenzi - angakuqeda a mikhondo eyinkimbinkimbi, usebenzisa umuthi ibhodi ipheya wakhuphuka neqoqo amafonti, lapho ehlotshisiwe wakhe izincwadi zokuqala.

"Umphostoli"

Okokuqala banyathelisa incwadi ebizwa ngokuthi "Umphostoli." Biography Ivan Fedorov izingane awukwazi indiva lesi incwadi ezimibalabala. Amazing ezimfishane, amafonti ecacile ukunyathelisa futhi imifanekiso kakhulu ukwenza leli bhuku omuhle wobuciko.

Eziningi zalezi "Umphostoli" edishini aqukethe okwashiwo iphrinta. Bona umhlaziyi Uzibonakalisa indoda abafunde kakhulu, kahle kwezinkambiso kwezincwadi isiRashiya ngesikhathi. Iningi imibono sasayinwa nje, "U-Ivan Fedorov". Umlando Omfushane lokhu ndoda kufanele ngempela ibonisa ukuthi izincwadi wanyathelisa hhayi kuphela ngomyalo wabaholi imithetho yombusi. Injongo eyinhloko yawo umbhali kwaba ukushicilela incwadi "e ukuthabela abantu Russian." I "umphostoli" lokuqala lifanelwe ukwamukelwa ngokugcwele Church, futhi yanyatheliswa nge kunyatheliswa amakhophi 2,000. Eye yasinda kungekho rarities engaphezu kwengu-60.

"Breviary"

Eyesibili ncwadi, enyatheliswa eMoscow workshop typographic kwaba "Breviary." abalobi kwayo okuqhubekayo ukuba uPetru Mstislavets futhi Ivan Fedorov. Biography Russian ncwadi-iphrinta ambalwa izitobhi ku encwadini yakhe yesibili. It is ukuthi wayebuye izincwadi zenkolo ezaziwayo, futhi ungeniswe press ne ukwamukelwa ngokugcwele iSonto Lobu-Orthodox.

Ukunqamula

Biography Ivan Fedorov izingane akufanele kusekelwe iziqephu edabukisayo ekuphileni kwakhe. Ukuze uthole izizathu eziningana ngale ibhizinisi lakhe ukuphrinta eMoscow kwadingeka ukuba ujike. Mhlawumbe isizathu sokuhamba kwabo kwaba ngengozi esondelayo ebuzwe amaqhawe amasha Ivana Groznogo - the nonogada. Umqondisi womshini ebalekela Grand Duchy of eMoscow futhi sihlaliswe Grand Duchy of Lithuania, emzini Zabłudów, okwamanje itholakala kwi insimu yase-Poland. Inkazimulo amaphrinta lokuqala wafinyelela kulezi zindawo akude - Fedorov futhi Mstislavets ngemfudumalo e egcekeni Hetman Grigoriya Aleksandrovicha Hotkevicha. labo abanamathela Big zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni kanye umsekeli kutimela Duchy of Lithuania, wathembisa isivikelo sakhe iphrinta kuqala. Ngokushesha workshop encane typographic yasungulwa ngaphansi ukusekelwa yakhe lapho silungiselela ukushicilelwa amabhuku ISonto ngesiSlavonic.

"Ukufundisa ivangeli"

Zabludovskii uhlelo lokuqala kwaba "ukufundisa ivangeli," yakhishwa ngo-1569. Ngemva ophumayo wakhe izindlela diverged amaphrinta lokuqala - Mstislavets waya emzini Vilna, futhi zonke izinto ezazikukhathaza ngekusasa ukunyatheliswa wathatha phezu Ivan Fedorov. Biography kwesikhathi wokuphila ubonisa ukuthi icala usufakwe isisekelo esiqinile, futhi izincwadi ezintsha abafundi babo. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ngesikhathi incwadi awukona okungaka umthombo wolwazi, njengendlela yokuthola dolobha izindawo. imikhiqizo Okuprintiwe ayebiza kakhulu, futhi bezentengiselwano abacebile uncamela ukutshala encwadini, hhayi ukunakekela ukwenza ngokuvumelana nokulotshwe kuwo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, "ukufundisa ivangeli" luye lwabonisa ukuthi impumelelo kulo mzamo, no-Ivan Fyodorov waqala ukucabanga olusha lwencwadi incwadi.

"AmaHubo"

1570 kwaba the best of yonke inkathi abahlala Zdolbunov. Kulo nyaka waphuma sibaningi le "amaHubo" odumile, elalihlotshiswe frontispisnoy lokuqopha esibonisa yakwa-Israyeli uDavide. Lena enye yezincwadi zikanokusho kunazo Fedorova, asivulela ukuba abavikela yakhe - kwenye Amakhasi Emblem ka Khotkevych. Ngeshwa, esikhathini sethu ngasinda amakhophi amane kuphela yencwadi - bobabili eNtshonalanga Yurophu - eyodwa eRussia no one - ku Ukraine.

The Union of Lublin ukubeka Hetman Khotkevych usesimweni esinzima. Wayengeke ukusekela imisebenzi ebalulekile yokunyathelisa, futhi waphoqeleka ukuba uphike Fedorov ukwesekwa kanye ukusekelwa. Incwadi iphrinta Zabłudów friendly kwesokunxele futhi sathuthela edolobheni. Yaqala kanjalo-ke le nkathi yomsebenzi wakhe e Lviv.

Ngo 1574, owokuqala e-Ukraine workshop typographic yasungulwa e Lviv. Futhi futhi ematheni umbhali, proofreader futhi umhleli kuba Ivan Fedorov. Biography izingane kungaba qiniseka ukufaka ukubuya kuqala indalo yakhe ncwadi-iphrinta - Lviv incwadi yakhe yokuqala "Umphostoli" waqala futhi. E Lviv Fedorov ngangingenabo umuntu imali noma isikhundla, ngakho Lviv "umphostoli" - lena eyokuqala yezincwadi Fedorova, okuyinto ine siqu yayo ukushicilela brand. Lapha, incwadi lolimi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa ngo-Russian, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i "ABC".

Imisebenzi e Konstantina Ostrozhskogo

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo inhlanhla ushiye yamaphayona futhi e Lviv, waqala ukuphishekela Ukushiyeka zezimali. Waphoqwa ukuba kunciphise imisebenzi yayo futhi ukwamukela lesi simemo tycoon ocebile futhi onethonya - Prince Konstantina Ostrozhskogo. Prince yemukele abantu abafundile futhi baziswa umphakathi wabo, ngakho-ke lizungezwe umfelandawonye phakathi abantu ososayensi eholwa Gerasim Smotritskaya. Kube esebenza Ostroh Academy, okuyinto edingekayo ngempela ayo "Drukarnya" - ngoba ngalezo zinsuku wabizwa ngokuthi workshop typographic. Lapha-Ivan Fedorov wahlanganyela ukulungiswa ukushicilelwa iBhayibheli lihlukile okwakufanele akusibekele zonke eyayikhona ngaleso sikhathi iZwi likaNkulunkulu yezicathulo.

Ngo 1580 ukuphrinta endlini Ostroh ukhiphe iTestamente Elisha kanye AmaHubo. Ngakho kwaba khona "incwadi-iqoqo izinto nainuzhnyh", olwasungulwa Thimothewu M. Ivan Fedorov. Biography izingane kumele ikhombe okuqukethwe yilokhu kukhululwa. I "incwadi .." kwaba uhlu olufushane imisho ethile lezi zincwadi eTestamenteni Elisha, kanye inkomba indawo yabo kwamaVangeli. design ezithakazelisayo "incwadi" - sokushicilela langaphandle ehlotshisiwe esangweni elikhulu, umema umfundi ukuthola lomhlaba wonke lezincwadi.

Lase-Ostrog iBhayibheli

Yiqiniso, edition edume kunazo Ivan Fedorov kule nkathi kwaba iBhayibheli Ostroh. Lo msebenzi ephawulekayo emagugu emasiko abo bonke abantu Slavic, isampuli ubuciko zokunyathelisa. Uma umuntu bekufanele ukuba ashicilele incwadi "U-Ivan Fedorov. Biography emfushane ngabantwana "- isithombe Lase-Ostrog iBhayibheli kufanele baye luhlobise frontispiece yayo. Sekukonke edishini emihlanu yale ncwadi omkhulu. U-Ivan Fedorov kushintshwe izindaba zakhe zezezimali, futhi abuyela emzini phezu kwezwe. Lapha wazama ukuphinda ukuvula workshop typographic, kodwa wafa ngaphandle kokubona imiphumela yezinto abazenzayo. Lviv ukuvula indlu ukunyathelisa izingane sathola ithuba ukuphayona nabafundi bakhe. Fedorov wangcwatshwa Onufrievskom emathuneni eliseduze kwethempeli. INdodana nabafundi iphayona uyakufanelekela Ivan Fedorov baqhubeka ibhizinisi, kodwa azifinyelelanga udumo uthisha wakhe.