Injwayelo yokufuna ukuba i-Enlightment: Izici

Ekupheleni kwe-XVII ekhulwini Enlightment, olwaluhlanganisa zonke okwalandela XVIII leminyaka. Izimpawu ezisemqoka isikhathi futhi babe khulula-rationality. Kube nesiko Yokukhanyiselwa, okwakunginika umhlaba art entsha.

nefilosofi

Lonke isiko Ukukhanyiselwa yayisekelwe imibono emisha zefilosofi owasungulwa ongqondongqondo isikhathi. The main ongqondongqondo kwezombusazwe Dzhon Lokk, uVoltaire, Lakho, uRousseau Goethe, Kant nabanye. Bona ukuthi ubani isici esingokomoya kwekhulu XVIII (olubizwa nangokuthi Age of Isizathu).

I adepts we Ukukhanyiselwa bakholwa imibono ambalwa ayisihluthulelo. Omunye wabo nje neqiniso lokuthi bonke abantu kanti ngokwemvelo bangabantu alinganayo, umuntu ngamunye nezinzuzo zazo siqu kanye nezidingo. Ukuwahlangabeza, kuzomele udale ehostela ukhululekile sabo bonke. Personality akuveli ukukhanya ngokwayo - wawubumba is ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yokuthi abantu babe namandla ezingokwenyama nezingokomoya, futhi ingqondo. Ukulingana okufanele ngokuyinhloko babe ukulingana kwabo bonke phambi komthetho.

Ukukhanyiselwa isiko - isiko yibo bonke ulwazi. ongqondongqondo ezivelele zikholelwa ukuthi kuphela ngokusebenzisa ukusabalala imfundo, ungakwazi uqede inhlokomo nomphakathi. Lena rationalism - ukuqashelwa nomqondo okusekelwe ukuziphatha kanye cognition zabantu.

Ngenkathi Yokukhanyiselwa baqhubeka mpikiswano ngenkolo. Disassociation emphakathini wakhula isonto amile futhi olandelanayo (ngokuyinhloko umKatolika). Among kholwa abafundile ukusakaza umqondo wokuba khona kukaNkulunkulu, njengoba abanye Mechanics ngokuphelele, owenza oda ekuqaleni yayikhona emhlabeni. Ngenxa yokuvela kwezinto esayensi ukusakaza umbono wokuthi isintu kungembula zonke izimfihlo yonke izimfihlakalo izimangaliso esikhathini esidlule.

art isiqondiso

Ngaphezu nefilosofi, likhona namasiko bokubeka ukuKhanyiselwa. Ngaleso sikhathi i-art of the Old World lalinabashumayeli ezindaweni ezimbili eziyinhloko. Esokuqala kwaba Classicism. Yena osuphinde wazalwa ngo izincwadi, umculo, ezobuciko. Lokhu kuthambekela kwakusho nemigomo saseRoma ngokuzalwa futhi yamaGreki asendulo. art okunjalo ngewesimethri ezahlukene, rationality, ufunani futhi azinabo ukuhambisana fomu.

Isiko bokubeka ngohlaka Ukukhanyiselwa Romanticism waphendula kwamanye izicelo: emotionality emcabangweni zokudala Improvisation mculi. Ngokuvamile kukhona yokuthi kulezi zindlela ezimbili ezihlukene yahlanganiswa kwelinye umkhiqizo. Ngokwesibonelo, zefomu zivumelana classicism nokuqukethwe - Romanticism.

Uvele nezitayela zokuhlola. Sekuvele obalulekile mkhuba sentimentalism. Akazange abe buyisiphi yesitayela kepha usebenzisa ke babonakalisa ke umbono zobuhle womuntu nobumsulwa, esinikelwa abantu ngokwemvelo. Russian isiko bokubeka Enlightment, kanye European, kwadingeka izingcezu ayo elikhanyayo okwakungokwenkosi ukugeleza isihawu. Kwaba njalo indaba Nikolaya Karamzina "Kubi Liza".

ihlelo nemvelo

It sentimentalists wadala isici Ukukhanyiselwa ihlelo nemvelo. Ongqondongqondo kwekhulu XVIII yayifuna isampula enhle nabahle, yini obekumele ukuba alwele abantu. Esivelele izwe elingcono ayematasa kokuvela ngaleso sikhathi e-Europe, amapaki kanye izingadi. Zadalelwa njengoba imvelo ephelele abantu abaphelele. Lezi izingoma zihlanganisa zobuciko, imitapo, iminyuziyamu, amathempeli ebhayisikobho.

I Ukukhanyiselwa wayekholelwa ukuthi "umuntu wemvelo" omusha kufanele ibuyele esimweni sayo sendalo - okungukuthi uhlobo. Ngokusho lo mbono yobuciko Russian nempucuko Yokukhanyiselwa (noma kunalokho, ubungcweti) wanika abantu besikhathi ePeterhof. Ngokuhamba umsebenzi wokwakha yayo abaklami Leblon abadumile, Zemtsov, Usov, Quarenghi. Ngenxa yemizamo yabo ku-Gulf of Finland abe Ensemble esiyingqayizivele, ezazihlanganisa epaki esiyingqayizivele, izigodlo omangalisayo nemithombo.

imidwebo

Ngo imidwebo, isiko bokubeka Europe we Ukukhanyiselwa savela ngase ukunganaki okukhulu. Sezenkolo waqala ukuthatha izikhundla ngisho kulawo mazwe lapho ngaphambi kokuba wazizwa unethemba ngokwanele ukuba Austria, e-Italy neJalimane. Landscape Umdwebo indawo isimo landscape ne-portrait obuseduze esikhundleni ekumeni esisemthethweni.

Engxenyeni yokuqala ye-isiko French XVIII leminyaka Yokukhanyiselwa emenza isitayela Rococo. art okunjalo yayisekelwe asymmetry, kwathiwa bebahleka, ukudlala futhi yimikhuba. izinhlamvu Izintandokazi kulesi siqondiso umculi kuyinto Bacchante, Nymphs, Venus, uDiana, nezinye izibalo basezinganekwaneni classical, futhi izihloko main - uthando.

Isibonelo esimangalisayo French Rococo - lokusungula Fransua Bushe, owayebizwa nangokuthi "umdwebi wokuqala inkosi." Yena zaveza yaseshashalazini lishona, imifanekiso picture izincwadi ukuze izindlu ocebile nezigodlo. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke izithombe zakhe: "Lo toilet Venus", "Nokunqoba Venus" nokunye ..

Antuan Vatto, kunalokho, ngokuya ephendukela zokuphila kwanamuhla. Ngaphansi ithonya lakhe, le ndlela iye yathuthukiswa kwekulu portrait IsiZulu umdwebi Thomas Gainsborough. It ahluke ingokomoya, intuthuko engokomoya kanye izinkondlo.

The main umdwebi Italian kwekhulu XVIII kwaba Dzhovanni Tepolo. Le ngcweti yezicathulo kanye yasezindongeni Nguwe baxgeki kubhekwe zinyanga omele okukhulu lesikole Venetian. Ngo yezitolo inhlokodolobha odumile Republic kwavela Veduta - ezisemadolobheni landscape kwansuku zonke. Abadali Iningi lodumo uhlobo waqala Francesco Guardi futhi Antonio Kanaletto. Lokhu isiko Ukukhanyiselwa uyasala lenqwaba imidwebo umxhwele.

yaseshashalazini

Ekhulwini XVIII - inkathi yokuchuma ethiyetha. Phakathi Ukukhanyiselwa, leli fomu art ifinyelele esivelele ukuthandwa kwakhe nekwenteka. ENgilandi, Elikhulu kunawo wonke kwakuyiSonto wemidlalo Richard Sheridan. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke yemisebenzi yakhe, "Uhambo oluya Scarborough," "ISikole Sababonisi Scandal" futhi "abaphikisi" uhleka usulu ekuziphatheni okubi onxiwankulu.

Dynamic lonke nkundla isiko eYurophu we Ukukhanyiselwa ithuthukiswe Venice, lapho ayesebenza amatiyetha 7 nje. Traditional yonyaka idolobha zomkhosi bakhangwa izivakashi ezivela kuwo wonke Old World. Ngo-Venice, benza umlobi odumile "Traktirschiny" Karlo Goldoni. Lokhu wemidlalo, owabhala ingqikithi 267 imisebenzi, ihlonishwe futhi bayahlonishwa uVoltaire.

I amahlaya edume kakhulu kwekhulu XVIII kwaba "Ukuhlanganiswa Figaro," eyabhalwa omkhulu engumFulentshi Beaumarchais. Kulesi play, owawusekelwe kwemizwa umphakathi has a sengqondo esingaqondile ukuze kwamakhosi leSonto Bourbons. Ngemva kweminyaka embalwa ngibelethe ukushicilelwa imikhiqizo lokuqala futhi amahlaya eFrance kwakukhona kwempi yanqoba umbuso ubudala.

isiko European Ukukhanyiselwa wayengekho iyunifomu. Kwamanye amazwe kwezobuciko kwavela izici kazwelonke. Ngokwesibonelo, idrama German (Schiller, Goethe, Lessing), imisebenzi yakhe evelele kunazo abhalwe uhlobo esibuhlungu. Kulesi yaseshashalazini Yokukhanyiselwa eJalimane wabonakala emashumini eminyaka ambalwa ngemva kwelokuqala France noma eNgilandi.

Iogann Gete wayengeyena nje imbongi ekhaliphile wemidlalo. Hhayi lutho ibizwa ngokuthi "ngqondongqondo jikelele" - connoisseur nezobuciko umhlaziyi, isazi, umlobi nesazi nochwepheshe nakwezinye izindawo eziningi. umkhiqizo yayo esemqoka - inhlekelele ethile "Faust" kanye play "Egmont." Enye ovelele we Ukukhanyiselwa isiJalimane, Friedrich Schiller, hhayi kuphela wabhala "usongo Nothando" futhi "Abaphangi", kodwa washiya imisebenzi yesayensi kanye zomlando.

eqanjiwe

The main zemibhalo kwekhulu XVIII kwaba noveli. Kuyinto ngenxa izincwadi ezintsha beze ukunqoba wobunxiwankulu isiko, owathatha ngemva ubudala izinduna amafilosofi ubudala. imisebenzi yobuciko hhayi kuphela abalobi, kodwa futhi zezenhlalo, zefilosofi kanye zezomnotho Ngezenzo ishicilelwe.

Le noveli, njengoba uhlobo, eyavela nokumela journalism. Ngalo, ongqondongqondo kwekhulu XVIII bathole indlela entsha ukuveza imibono yabo yezenhlalo zefilosofi. Ubhale "Gulliver Ukuhambela" Dzhonatan Svift ayifake umsebenzi wakhe, kungabhekisela eziningi sisakubona umphakathi wesimanje. Walibhalela futhi wayevela "The Tale of uvemvane." Kulesi pheshana, Swift satirized oda ke zenkolo nemibango.

Ukuthuthukiswa isiko esikhathini Ukukhanyiselwa usukela ukuvela izinhlobo ezintsha etemibhalo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa inoveli epistolary (a inoveli izincwadi). Lokhu kwaba, isibonelo, umsebenzi isihawu Ioganna Gete "I kwemihelo ethi Intsha Werther," lapho lo protagonist uye wazibulala, kanye "Izincwadi Persian" ka Lakho. Kwakukhona amanoveli exoxa uhlobo yokuloba travel kanye nohambo izincazelo ( "Travels eFrance nase-Italy," Tobias Smollett).

Esikhathini izincwadi, isiko Ukukhanyiselwa eRussia, balandela eziyimiyalo classicism. Ngo imbongi XVIII leminyaka Alexander Sumarokov wasebenza Vasily Trediakovskii, u-Antiochus Cantemir. Kwakukhona amahlumela yokuqala Sentimentalism (kakade okukhulunywe Karamzin "Lisa Abampofu" futhi "UNatalie, indodakazi boyar"). Injwayelo yokufuna ukuba i-Enlightment eRussia uye wadala zonke izimfanelo ukuze babe ekuqaleni XIX leminyaka, izincwadi yasekhaya, eholwa Pushkin, Lermontov futhi Gogol, wazibonela yobudala yayo yegolide.

umculo

Kwakuphakathi Age of Ukukhanyiselwa, ukwethulwa lolimi lwanamuhla zomculo. Umsunguli wawo kubhekwa Iogann Bah. Lokhu umqambi omkhulu wabhala imisebenzi kuzo zonke izinhlobo (okuhlukile opera). Bach futhi namuhla ubhekwa ziyinkosi esingenakuqhathaniswa ka Polyphony. Omunye umqambi German George Handel wabhala opera engaphezu kwengu-40 futhi Sonatas eziningi futhi Suites. Ugqozi njengo Bach, akhanga zonke izindaba eziseBhayibhelini (libhekene iziqu: "Israyeli eGibhithe", "uSawule", igama elithi "Mesiya").

Omunye umcimbi obalulekile zomculo wesikhathi - the saseVienna School. Imisebenzi amalungu ayo uqhubeke ukusebenzisa wezinsimbi zezemfundo namuhla, ukuze abantu yesimanje ingathinta ifa oshiye isiko ukuKhanyiselwa. Ngekhulu le-18 lihlotshaniswa namagama Geniuses ezifana Wolfgang Mozart, Yozef Gaydn, Ludwig van Beethoven. Kuyinto lezi bomculo saseVienna uhlaziye amafomu zomculo ubudala futhi izinhlobo.

Haydn kubhekwa uyise symphony classical (Yawabhala engaphezu kwekhulu). Eziningi zalezi imisebenzi zazisekelwe abantu emidansweni iculo. Inani eliphakeme labamemezeli lokusungula ka uHaydn sika London umculo wezinsimbi umjikelezo eyabhalwa kuye ngesikhathi uhambo eNgilandi. Isiko Yenguquko inkathi, inkathi ye Ukukhanyiselwa futhi yimuphi omunye inkathi umlando wesintu ngokuvamile eziyizimbangela ezingavamile abaculi kwande kangaka. Ngaphandle symphony, quartet uHaydn ilungu 83, uquqaba 13, 20 no-52 ubudala opera clavier Sonatas.

Mozart hhayi kuphela sakhiwa umculo. Yena akunakuqhathaniswa abadlale Harpsichord futhi violin master la mathuluzi ekuqaleni kuka ebuntwaneni. opera yakhe nasemakhonsathini kuhluke isimo ezahlukene kakhulu (kusuka olusankondlo isosha esihlatshelelwayo kuya fun). The main imisebenzi Mozart kubhekwe umculo wezinsimbi bakhe abathathu, kulotshiwe eyodwa efanayo e-1788 (Inombolo 39, 40, 41).

Enye Beethoven enkulu yakudala asithandayo izindaba nobuqhawe ukuthi umthelela satshanyana "Egmont," "Coriolanus" futhi "Fidelio," kuyi-opera. Njengoba umdlali, wamshaya besikhathi sakhe ukudlala upiyano. Ukuze leli thuluzi Beethoven Sonata 32 zalotshwa. Iningi yakhe isebenza umqambi wadala eVienna. Futhi ingumnikazi 10 Sonatas for violin futhi upiyano (ethandwa kakhulu iyona "Kreutzer" Sonata).

Beethoven uhlangabezane nesimo esibucayi sina zokudala okubangelwa ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa yabo. Umqambi athambekele ekusebenziseni ukuzibulala ngenxa yokungazi ukuthi ngenzeni wabhala edume "Moonlight" Sonata yakhe. Nokho, ngisho nokugula esabekayo awazange ayiphule intando umculi. Njengoba ayenqobe ukucobeka ayo, Beethoven futhi wabhala imisebenzi eminingi Symphonic.

isiZulu Ukukhanyiselwa

England wawuyindawo okwazalelwa kuyo Yokukhanyiselwa European. Kuleli zwe, ngaphambi kwabanye, ekhulwini XVII, kwakukhona revolution wobunxiwankulu, okuyinto anikeza ugqozi sokuthuthukisa amasiko. WaseNgilandi waba isibonelo esihle intuthuko emphakathini. Isazi sefilosofi Dzhon Lokk kwaba ngomunye wabokuqala kanye theorists eyinhloko umbono ovulekile. Ngaphansi kwethonya emibhalweni yakhe idokhumenti ezibaluleke kakhulu sezombangazwe Ukukhanyiselwa lalotshwa - Simemetelo American of Independence. Locke babekholelwa ukuthi ulwazi lomuntu kunqunywa bezibona sezinzwa nesipiliyoni kunangaphambili waphikisa ifilosofi ezidumile Descartes.

Enye sazi ezibalulekile British kwekhulu XVIII kwaba Devid Yum. Lokhu sefilosofi, Economist, isazi-mlando, nawukuthi isikhulumi olusha isayensi yokuziphatha. besikhathi sakhe u-Adam Smith waba umsunguli theory kwezomnotho yesimanje. Injwayelo yokufuna ukuba i-Enlightment, ngamafuphi, kwandulelwe imiqondo eziningi zanamuhla nemibono. umsebenzi Smith sika wayefana nalelo. Yena waqala ukuba athi ukubaluleka emakethe ukubaluleka isimo.

ongqondongqondo French

zefilosofi French kwekhulu XVIII wasebenza ngaphansi kwezimo kokuphikiswa ke ekhona oda kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. Rousseau, Diderot, Lakho - bonke waphikisana ngokumelene oda yasekhaya. Ukugxekwa kungathatha izinhlobo eziningi: ukuthi uNkulunkulu akekho, the idealization yesikhathi esidlule (bebabaza isiko republic endala), njll ...

Isenzakalo eyingqayizivele isiko Ukukhanyiselwa kwaba omningi 35 "I-Encyclopedia". It zazakha ongqondongqondo main "Ubudala Okucabanga '. NoMphefumleli futhi Umhleli oyinhloko wephephandaba salolu shicilelo eyingqopha kwaba Denis Diderot. Ukuba negalelo amavolumu ahlukene babe Pol Golbah, La Mettrie, Julien, Klod Gelvetsy nezinye nezihlakaniphi isikhulu esivelele sesonto sangekhulu XVIII.

Lakho ngokucijile wagxeka nangobudlova futhi despotism iziphathimandla. Namuhla, kushiwo ngokufanele kubhekwa umsunguli liberalism wobunxiwankulu. UVoltaire baba isibonelo esihle kakhulu sokungenisa Wit kanye ithalente. Wayengumuntu umbhali izinkondlo satirical, amanoveli zefilosofi, amapheshana zezombusazwe. Kabili Thinker yena esejele, ngesikhathi Wayenomunye ukufihla obalekayo. Kwaba uVoltaire wadala fashion ukucabanga khulula nokugxeka.

Ukukhanyiselwa German

isiko German kwekhulu XVIII babukhona nakwa nemibandela kwehlukana zezombusazwe kuleli zwe. izingqondo Advanced wakhuthaza Ukuyekwa kwezindlela survivals izinduna nobumbano lukazwelonke. Ngokungafani nezazi zefilosofi French ongqondongqondo German wangabaza le nezindaba ezihlobene esontweni.

Njengomhlaba isiko Russian we Ukukhanyiselwa, isiko Prussian yasungulwa iqhaza ngqo yenkosi autocratic (eRussia, kwaba uCatherine II, e Prussia - Fridrih Veliky). INhloko State liyaweseka kwezifiso eziphambili besikhathi sakhe, kanti akazange adikibale ngamandla akhe angenamkhawulo nayo. uhlelo okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi "absolutism ukukhanyiselwa".

The main lwenkanyiso eJalimane XVIII leminyaka kwaba U-Immanuel Kant. Ngo-1781 wakhipha umqulu eliyisisekelo umsebenzi 'Critique Okucabanga Pure. " Isazi sefilosofi athuthukile umbono omusha yolwazi, uye watadisha kungenzeka kokuhlakanipha kwabantu. Kwaba abalungisisayo izindlela emzabalazweni kanye zomthetho ushintsho ohlelweni kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe, ngaphandle ubudlova ongahluziwe. Kant negalelo elikhulu kuyinkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela umthetho.