Yobuciko namasiko Yenguquko. izibalo Ezivelele Yenguquko: ohlwini

Renaissance (Renaissance) isithathe isikhundla Ephakathi, wadonsa kwaze kwaba ukuKhanyiselwa. Kubaluleke kakhulu emlandweni-Europe. uhlobo oluhlukile isiko wokuziphilisa, nobuntu kanye anthropocentrism (kwasekuqaleni kukhona indoda). Izinombolo the Renaissance futhi washintsha imibono yabo.

Okufingqiwe

Kwakheka isiko elisha ngokusebenzisa nobudlelwano zomphakathi ishintshile eYurophu. Zithinteka liwa isimo WaseByzantium. Abafana abaningi baseByzantium abafudukela amazwe aseYurophu, futhi nabo baletha lenqwaba imisebenzi yobuciko. Konke lokhu yayetayelekile ngenkathi ephakathi eYurophu, futhi Kozimo Medichi, umxhwele, wadala e Florence Academy kaPlato.

Ukusatshalaliswa lizisho kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise ekwandeni amakilasi, okwakukhona kude ubudlelwane amakhosi asendulo. Lezi zilimi zazihlanganisa ababazi, kubaphathi bebhange, abahwebi nokunye. Basuke akubhekwa amagugu medieval ukuthi kwamiswa yisonto. Lokhu kwabangela zobuntu. Ngaphansi lo mqondo lisikisela isiqondiso yamafilosofi, ibheka ntu okubaluleke kakhulu.

Emazweni amaningi waqala ukwakha wokuziphilisa izikhungo yesayensi nocwaningo. umehluko yabo kusukela medieval nalab esontweni. Kungenze ukushifta okukhulu ekhulwini xv, le UKUSUNGULWA kobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa. Lokhu kwakwenza ukuthi kube ngaphezulu futhi ngokuvamile more avele abanegama Yenguquko.

Ukwakheka nokwanda

Okokuqala uvele Renaissance Italy. Lapha waqala ukubonisa izimpawu kule XIII futhi XIV eminyaka. Nokho, ukuthandwa isikhathi sakhe ayikwazanga uwine, futhi kuphela 20s kwekhulu xv ke wakwazi ukuthola ukusizakala. Kwenye indawo e-Europe, Renaissance ukusakaza kamuva kakhulu. Kuyinto ekupheleni kwekhulu, sokuthuthwa kwempahla lokhu kuthambekela.

Ekhulwini leminyaka elizayo kwaba inhlekelele Yempucuko. Umphumela uye waba ukuvela banomkhuba futhi Baroque. Zonke Renaissance ihlukaniswe izinkathi emine. Ngamunye wabo ethulwa nesiko labo, ubuciko.

Protorenessans

Kuyinto isikhathi zesikhashana kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi Yempucuko. It kungenziwa ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili. Esokuqala sasithatha ngesikhathi impilo Giotto, owesibili - ngemva kokufa kwakhe (1337). Eyokuqala wagcwala okutholakele omkhulu kule nkathi lalenza izibalo bhá Yenguquko. Eyesibili owawuse kuhambisana makaye esifweni esibulalayo eyayihlupha Italy.

Abaculi Yenguquko kwesikhathi waveza amakhono abo ikakhulu ematsheni. Ikakhulukazi ungakwazi ukuhlukanisa Arnolfo di Cambio, Andrea Pisano futhi Nicola futhi Dzhovanni Pizano. Imidwebo wesikhathi emelelwa ezikoleni ezimbili, okuyinto yayiseKhesariya Siena noFlorence. A indima enkulu e Umdwebo kwesikhathi kudlalwa Giotto.

Renaissance izibalo (abaculi), ikakhulukazi Giotto, steel ukudwetshwa yakhe themes zenkolo ngaphezu touch nowezwe.

Esikhathini izincwadi, kwaba khona ukuvukela wenza Dante Aligeri, owadala "ahlekisayo" abadumile. Nokho, inzalo wokwenama, wambiza ngokuthi 'Divine Comedy. " Sonnets ka Petrarch (1304-1374 GG.), Ibhalwe esikhathini kwakuqala ukwanda okukhulu baba umlandeli wakhe Dzhovanni Bokkachcho (1313-1375 GG.), Umbhali "Decameron".

izibalo Akwaziwa Yenguquko Italian baba Abadali kolimi etemibhalo. Imisebenzi balobi ayedumile ngale kwemingcele yakwa isimo lwakubo phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwawo, futhi ekugcineni sonke zazidluliselwa imicebo izincwadi emhlabeni.

Inkathi Early Renaissance

Le nkathi eyathatha iminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili (1420-1500 GG.). Izinombolo zokuqala Renaissance akazange ayeke komkhuba esidlule yamuva, kodwa steel emsebenzini wakhe iphendukele endulo classical. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bagcina babesuke medieval izimiso zasendulo. Lolu shintsho ehlaselwe izinguquko ekuphileni namasiko.

Italy ubonakalisiwe ngokugcwele izimiso zasendulo classical, futhi kwamanye amazwe Namanje wanamathela emasikweni isitayela Gothic. Kuphela maphakathi nekhulu xv Renaissance ukungena eSpain enyakatho ye-Alps.

Esikhathini imidwebo, ngaphezu kwakho konke, waqala ukubonisa ubuhle umuntu. nkathi yakuqala ikakhulu emelelwa usebenza Botticelli (1445-1510), kanye Mazachcho (1401-1428).

Ikakhulukazi umqophi abadumile Donatello ziyinkathi (1386-1466). Ezinkondlweni zakhe wabusa uhlobo portrait. Donatello futhi okokuqala kusukela endulo wadala into ebaziwe sehlangano nqunu.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu futhi abaklami abadumile kwesikhathi kwaba Brunelleschi (1377-1446). Yena bakwazile ukuhlanganisa Roman nezitayela Gothic emisebenzini yabo. Washeshe wahileleka ukwakhiwa Izindlwana, kwamasonto nezigodlo. Futhi wabuya izakhiwo Antique.

Inkathi High Renaissance

Lesi sikhathi kwaba zezimbali the Renaissance (1500-1527). Italian Art Centre iphakathi eRome, kodwa hhayi Florence evamile. Isizathu salokhu kwaba esanda uPapa uJulius II. Wayengumuntu uhlamvu engumthengisi nangokuzimisela, ayezidinga sobukhosi sobupapa enkantolo wafika okungcono kwamasiko izibalo Yenguquko.

ERoma, waqala ukwakha indlu yokugcina wakha izakhiwo ezinkulu ezibabazekayo, Okugweda eziningi ukudala yobuciko ukuthi kukhona amagugu zomhlaba yobuciko esikhathini sethu. Ukubhala iza eqoshiwe futhi imidwebo ezikhanga ngobuhle bazo. Zonke mikhakha bayatfutfuka ubuciko, besizana.

Lolu cwaningo endala isiba ezijulile. Zonke eveza ngokunembile isiko kwesikhathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukunqanda Ephakathi indawo buhle kwezobuciko. Nokho, izibalo Yenguquko, uhlu okuyinto ebanzi, nje ukuboleka tincenye letitsite ukuthi lidala kangakanani, ngesisekelo ngokudala owakho. Ngamunye inezici ayo ehlukile.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Akwaziwa sibalo Yenguquko mhlawumbe uLeonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). Lona ubuntu enemisebenzi kakhulu kwesikhathi. Watadisha imidwebo, umculo, ebaziwe, isayensi. Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, Da Vinci wakwazi ukuqamba izinto eziningi ziye zaba ingxenye yokuphila kwethu namuhla (ibhayisikili, parachute, ithangi nokunye). Ngezinye izikhathi ucwaningo lwakhe kushabalele, kodwa kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi ezinye okusunguliwe, kungenzeka ukuthi ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Iningi ayaziwa Yebo, sibonga ifilimu "Mona Lisa." Ososayensi abaningi basaqhubeka ubuka izimfihlo zakhe ezihlukahlukene. Leonardo washiya abafundi abambalwa.

Late Renaissance Period

Ingabe esigabeni sokugcina kule Renaissance (kusukela eminyakeni 1530 kuya 1590-1620., Kodwa ezinye izazi uxolela 1630, kuphakama izingxabano njalo ngenxa yalokhu).

Ngo-Southern Europe, kuyilapho ukunyakaza baqala ukuvela (Counter), ogama Inhloso kwaba ukubuyisela yobukhulu iSonto lamaKatolika ukholo lobuKristu. Zonke silokhu zomzimba womuntu abazange bamukeleke kuye.

izingxabano eziningi seyiholele yokuthi okwaqala crisis imibono. Ngenxa nokuntengantenga Yenguquko izibalo zenkolo aqala ukuphelelwa ukuvumelana phakathi komuntu nemvelo, phakathi yezinto kanye ngokomoya. Umphumela uye waba ukuvela banomkhuba futhi Baroque.

Revival eRussia

Renaissance isiko kwezinye izindawo kwaba nomthelela ezweni lethu. Nokho, umthelela walo yayivinjelwe ibanga ngokwanele ezinkulu, kanye Russian okunamathiselwe yamasiko Lobu-Orthodox.

Umbusi wokuqala, Yempucuko kwavula indlela eRussia lezwakala Ivan III, ngubani ngesikhathi sayo esihlalweni sobukhosi baqala ukumema abakhi Italy. Nge kokufika kwabo, izakhi ezintsha futhi ukwakhiwa ubuchwepheshe. Nokho, kwaba khona ukuvukela omkhulu bokwakha akwenzekanga.

Ngo 1475 ukubuyiselwa kweNyuka Cathedral eyingoduso ngu umakhi Italian Aristotle Fioravanti. Yena banamathela amasiko amaGreki isiRashiya, kodwa ukungezwa ububanzi phrojekthi.

By XVII ekhulwini ngenxa ithonya Yenguquko Russian imifanekiso abe namaqiniso, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, abaculi ukulandela yonke canons lasendulo.

Ngokushesha, Russia wakwazi ukufunda nemidwebo. Nokho, ukusatshalaliswa ekhethekile ke wathola kuphela ekhulwini XVII. Abaningi ubuchwepheshe ukuthi abasafufusa eYurophu, futhi amazwe ngokushesha eRussia, lapho ngcono futhi baba esiyingxenye yesiko. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye umbono, i-vodka ingeniswe evela e-Italiya, uye kamuva Ushintshe ifomula, futhi 1430 uvele version Russian lesi siphuzo.

isiphetho

I Renaissance wanika emhlabeni abaningi abanamakhono abadwebi, abacwaningi nososayensi, Okugweda kanye abaklami. Kusukela inani elikhulu amagama bungabonakala labo aziwa futhi kakhulu kugujwa.

Lezi zazi zefilosofi futhi ososayensi:

• Bruno.
• UGalileo.
• Pico della Mirandola.
• Nikolay Kuzansky.
• Machiavelli.
• Campanella.
• Paracelsus.
• UCopernicus.
• Munzer.

Ababhali kanye izimbongi:

• F. Petrarca.
• Dante.
• J .. Boccaccio.
• Rabelais.
• Cervantes.
• Shakespeare.
• E. Rotterdam.

Architects, abadwebi kanye Okugweda:

• Donatello.
• ULeonardo da Vinci.
• N. Pisano.
• A. Rossellino.
• S. Botticelli.
• Raphael.
• Michelangelo.
• Bosch.
• Titian.
• A. Durer.

Yiqiniso, lena kuphela ingxenye encane izibalo Yenguquko, kodwa laba bantu baye baba samuntu yayo kwabaningi.